An Efficient Powder Metallurgy Processing Route to Prepare High-Performance β-Ti–Nb Alloys Using Pure Titanium and Titanium Hydride Powders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and procedure
2.1. Starting Material
2.2. Mechanical Alloying
2.3. Spark Plasma Sintering of Mechanically Alloyed Powders
2.4. Phase and Microstructure Analysis
2.5. Mechanical Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Titanium Hydride on the Recovery of Mechanically Milled Powders
3.2. Morphology and Microstructure of Mechanically Milled Powders
3.3. Microstructural Characteristics of Sintered Ti–Nb Alloys
3.4. Mechanical Properties of Bulk Ti–40Nb Alloys
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Identification of Powder Mixtures | Composition of Starting Powder Mixture (mass %) | ||
---|---|---|---|
TiH2 | Pure Ti | Pure Nb | |
Ti-154 | 10 | 50 | 40 |
Ti-244 | 20 | 40 | 40 |
Ti-334 | 30 | 30 | 40 |
Steps | SPS (Vacuum Conditions) | Heating/Cooling Rate (K/min) | Temperature (K) | Pressure (MPa) | Holding Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step-I | Dehydrogenation | 50 | 1073 | ~0 | 7.2 ks |
Step-II | Sintering | 100 | 1473 | 50 | 1.8 ks |
Powders | Ti-154 Mechanically Alloyed Powder | Ti-244 Mechanically Alloyed Powder | Ti-334 Mechanically Alloyed Powder |
---|---|---|---|
Mean particle size | 1000 ± 270 µm | 48 ± 40 µm | 4 ± 2 µm |
Powders | Ti-154 | Ti-244 | Ti-334 |
---|---|---|---|
Ti (mass %) | 63.7 (±0.3) | 62.5 (±0.3) | 59.8 (±0.2) |
Nb (mass %) | 36.3 (±0.2) | 37.5 (±0.2) | 40.2 (±0.2) |
Data | Yield Strength (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Strain (%) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-26 at % Nb [Solution-treatment + aged at 200 to 873 K for 3.6 ks] | ~100–120 | ~350–520 | ~8–10 | - | [45] |
Ti-26 at % Nb | ~600 | ~620 | 13 | ~60 | [51] |
Ti-22 at % Nb [as sintered] | ~649 | ~754 | 1.43 | ~71 | [52] |
Ti-26 at % Nb [ST at 1173 K for 1.8 ks] | ~180 | ~420 | 17 | - | [53] |
Ti-30 at %Nb [cold rolled] | ~484 | ~561 | 3.5 | 67 | [46] |
Ti-30 at % Nb (cold rolled + ST 1073 K) | ~273 | ~449 | 24 | 47 | |
Ti-30 at % Nb (cold rolled + ST 1123 K) | ~411 | ~493 | 21.1 | 45 | |
Ti-30 at % Nb (cold rolled + ST 1223 K) | ~541 | ~587 | 17.1 | 57 | |
Ti-334, that is, Ti–40 mass % Nb or (Ti-26 at.% Nb) | ~760 ± 3 | ~775 ± 3 | 16.5 ± 1 | - | Present work |
Ti-244, that is, Ti–40 mass % Nb or (Ti-26 at.% Nb) | ~750 ± 7 | ~755 ± 12 | 4 ± 2 | - | Present work |
Ti-154, that is, Ti–40 mass % Nb or (Ti-26 at.% Nb) | ~450 ± 5 | - | 1 ± 1 | - | Present work |
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Sharma, B.; Vajpai, S.K.; Ameyama, K. An Efficient Powder Metallurgy Processing Route to Prepare High-Performance β-Ti–Nb Alloys Using Pure Titanium and Titanium Hydride Powders. Metals 2018, 8, 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070516
Sharma B, Vajpai SK, Ameyama K. An Efficient Powder Metallurgy Processing Route to Prepare High-Performance β-Ti–Nb Alloys Using Pure Titanium and Titanium Hydride Powders. Metals. 2018; 8(7):516. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070516
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Bhupendra, Sanjay Kumar Vajpai, and Kei Ameyama. 2018. "An Efficient Powder Metallurgy Processing Route to Prepare High-Performance β-Ti–Nb Alloys Using Pure Titanium and Titanium Hydride Powders" Metals 8, no. 7: 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070516