Application of the Constitutive Model in Finite Element Simulation: Predicting the Flow Behavior for 5754 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Working
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Experimental Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temperature Correction
3.2. The Flow Curves of 5754 Aluminum Alloy
3.3. Constitutive Model
3.4. The Application of the Developed Model in FEM
3.5. Finite Element Model
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The strain rate and deformation temperature have significant influence on the flow behavior of 5754 aluminum alloy. The flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreases with increasing deformation temperature. In addition, the true stress increases with the true strain in the early stages, but in the later period, the true stress remains constant, which represents the classical characteristics of work hardening (WH) and dynamic recovery (DRV). However, the flow curves of 5754 aluminum alloy at medium and low strain rates did not reach a strict dynamic equilibrium. The flow curve decreases slightly with the increase of strain due to the CDRX (extended DRV). Meanwhile, the calculated work hardening rate shows that DRV and CDRX are the main softening mechanisms of 5754 aluminum alloy during deformation.
- (2)
- The developed Arrhenius constitutive model of 5754 aluminum alloy is embedded in ABAQUS by encoding the UHARD subroutine to simulate the hot compression deformation.
- (3)
- The simulated PEEQ shows that uneven deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the specimen. There is almost no plastic strain in the B region indicating that the flow of the material in this region is poor and this area still retains the un-deformed grains. At the central region C, the sample produces the largest plastic strain, which causes the grain of the region to be compressed into a fibrous morphology. The simulated results coincide well with the observed grain morphology. Therefore, the FEM simulation of the embedded constitutive model can effectively describe the flow behavior of the material.
- (4)
- The stroke-force of the die at different strain rates and deformation temperatures is further simulated and predicted by the FEM of the embedded constitutive model. The predicted stroke-force curves agree well with the experimental data at 0.1–10 s−1 and 300–500 °C. Then, the predictive ability is evaluated by R and AARE and the calculated value of R and AARE are 0.997% and 1.25%, respectively. These results indicate that the FEM of the embedded constitutive model can accurately simulate and analyze the hot working behavior of 5754 aluminum alloy, which can provide a reference for other forming processes of the alloy.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al | Mg | Mn | Si | Fe | Gr | Zn | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bal. | 2.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Parameter | α | Q (KJ mol−1) | n | A |
---|---|---|---|---|
value | 0.0133 | 172.078 | 5.5593 | 2.27 × 1011 |
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Huang, C.-Q.; Liu, L.-l. Application of the Constitutive Model in Finite Element Simulation: Predicting the Flow Behavior for 5754 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Working. Metals 2017, 7, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090331
Huang C-Q, Liu L-l. Application of the Constitutive Model in Finite Element Simulation: Predicting the Flow Behavior for 5754 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Working. Metals. 2017; 7(9):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090331
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chang-Qing, and Lei-lei Liu. 2017. "Application of the Constitutive Model in Finite Element Simulation: Predicting the Flow Behavior for 5754 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Working" Metals 7, no. 9: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090331