Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Decrepitation of Spodumene Ore
3. Roasting of Spodumene Ore
3.1. Sulfation Processing of Spodumene
3.2. Alkaline Process
3.3. Chlorination Process
3.4. Other Processes to Spodumene Treatment
4. Chemical Thermodynamics of Spodumene Processing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineral | Cr2O3 | MgO | MnO | Li2O | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 0.03 | 1.30 | 0.32 | 2.14 | 0.15 | 4.29 | 1.26 | 1.14 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 61.31 | 20.79 | 1.72 |
Process | Experimental Conditions | Product | Recovery/% | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roasting | Leaching | ||||||||
Reagent | Temp./ | Time/min. | Time/hr | Temp./ | Lixiviant | ||||
Sulfating | Conc.·H2SO4 | 200–300 | 30–60 | - | - | H2O | Li2SO4 | 85 | [52] |
Na2SO4 + CaO | - | - | 3 | 230 | Na2SO4 + CaO | Li2SO4 | 93.30 | [28] | |
Na2SO4 + NaOH | 200–300 | - | 3 | 230 | Na2SO4 + NaOH | Li2SO4 | 90.70 | [28] | |
(NH4)2SO4 | 150–370 | - | - | - | NH3 (aq) | Li2SO4 | - | [17] | |
CaSO4 + CaCO3 | 1000–1150 | 120–180 | - | - | H2O | Li2SO4 | 85–90 | [53] * | |
Conc. H2SO4 | 250–300 | - | 1 | - | H2O | Li2SO4 | 86 | [31] | |
H2O+O2 + SO3 | 350–425 | 10-40 | - | - | H2O | Li2SO4 | 97 | [32] | |
Alkaline | CaO + H2O | 100–205 | 60 | H2O | LiOH | ~97 | [34] | ||
CaO + H2O | 1000–1230 | 100 | H2O | LiOH | 80 | [34] * | |||
Chlorination | KCl, NaCl | 1000–1050 | 15–60 | - | 85 | H2O/HCl | LiCl | 85–97.50 | [41] |
Cl2 | 1100 | 150 | - | - | - | LiCl | - | [43] | |
CaCl2 | 900 | 120 | - | 60 | H2O | LiCl | 90.2 | [44] | |
CaCl2 | 800–1200 | - | - | - | Alcohol | LiCl | 9.5–98.5 | [46] | |
Carbonizing | Na2CO3 | 525–675 | 10–120 | - | - | H2O, NH4+ (aq) | Li2CO3 | 75–97 | [47] |
Na2CO3 | 150–250 | 10–120 | -- | - | H2O | Li2CO3 | ~94 | [48] | |
Na2CO3 + NaCl | ~923 | 120 | - | - | H2O | Li2CO3 | 70 | [49] | |
Fluorination | NaF | 600 | 120 | 0.5 | 25 | HF | LiF | 90 | [50] |
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Fosu, A.Y.; Kanari, N.; Vaughan, J.; Chagnes, A. Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene. Metals 2020, 10, 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101312
Fosu AY, Kanari N, Vaughan J, Chagnes A. Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101312
Chicago/Turabian StyleFosu, Allen Yushark, Ndue Kanari, James Vaughan, and Alexandre Chagnes. 2020. "Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene" Metals 10, no. 10: 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101312