Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry Model to Simulate Ozone Concentrations in March 2008 over Coastal Areas of the Sea of Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Description
3. Simulation Method
3.1. Model Settings and Initialization
Horizontal grid (x, y) | 75, 70 |
Grid spacing | 22 km |
Meteorological time step | 180 s |
Chemical time step | 180 s |
Microphysics | WSM3-class simple ice scheme [56] |
Advection scheme | 5th horizontal/3rd vertical [57,58] |
Long wave radiation | RRTM [59] |
Shortwave radiation | GODDARD [60,61] |
Surface layer | Moni-Obukhov (Janjic Eta) [62] |
Land surface model | NOAH [63] |
Boundary layer | Mellor-Yamada-Janjic TKE [64,65] |
Cumulus parameterization | Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme [66] |
Chemistry option | RADM2 [67] |
Dry deposition | Wesley, 1989 [68] |
Biogenic emissions | Guenther scheme [69,70] |
Photolysis option | Madronich, 1987 [71] |
Aerosol option | MADE/SORGAM [72] |
3.2. Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing of Emissions
Inventory | Categories | Spatial resolution | Temporal resolution |
---|---|---|---|
POET [75,76] | Anthropogenic biomass burning (natural) | 1 × 1 | Annual (anthro.), monthly (biom. burn.), monthly (natural) |
RETRO [77] | Anthropogenic biomass burning | 0.5 × 0.5 | Monthly |
EDGAR [78 ,79,80] | Anthropogenic biomass burning | 1 × 1 | Annual |
GFED v2 [81,82] | Biomass burning/wildfire emission | 1 × 1 | Monthly |
CO2 [83] | Anthropogenic | 1 × 1 | Annual |
GEIA v.1 [79] | Anthropogenic biomass burning naturally | 1 × 1 | Annual + monthly for NOx, SO2, and nat. VOC |
4. Observation of Ozone Concentrations over Japan
5. Characteristics of Ozone Episodes
6. Modeling Results and Discussion
6.1. Ozone Concentrations Based on WRF/Chem Simulations
6.2. Comparison of WRF/Chem Simulation Results with Monitoring Data
6.3. Local Meteorological Characteristics
6.4. Vertical Distribution of Ozone Concentrations
6.5. Tropospheric NOx Transportation
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Al Razi, K.M.H.; Hiroshi, M. Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry Model to Simulate Ozone Concentrations in March 2008 over Coastal Areas of the Sea of Japan. Atmosphere 2012, 3, 288-319. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos3030288
Al Razi KMH, Hiroshi M. Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry Model to Simulate Ozone Concentrations in March 2008 over Coastal Areas of the Sea of Japan. Atmosphere. 2012; 3(3):288-319. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos3030288
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Razi, Khandakar Md. Habib, and Moritomi Hiroshi. 2012. "Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry Model to Simulate Ozone Concentrations in March 2008 over Coastal Areas of the Sea of Japan" Atmosphere 3, no. 3: 288-319. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos3030288