Global Changes in Cultivated Area and Breeding Activities of Durum Wheat from 1800 to Date: A Historical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Literature reviews. The books ‘Durum wheat breeding’ (Royo et al., 2005) [7] and ‘World wheat book’ (Volumes 1–3) (Bonjean and Angus, 2001; Bonjean et al., 2011, 2016) [8,9,10] were especially useful for information mining. In many cases, DW acreage is not mentioned as such, but a percentage from total wheat is listed. While generally useful, those percentages resulted in some cases in overestimating the actual DW acreage [11,12]. From 1998 onwards, the data used originated from IGC (International Grain Council, London, UK) Secretariat [1].
- Personal communication of DW experts of different countries where official statistics are not always available.
- Several historical periods were distinguished in the present work. In the first ones, namely, 1800, 1850, and 1870, the DW area was difficult to obtain and was generally estimated from percentages of the total wheat area. Starting in 1890, the area was reported in a period of 10 years, and, from 2000 on, in periods of 5 years. The year 1935 was included instead of 1940 due to the lack of reliable statistics from involved in World War II. The year 1961 replaced 1960 because it marked the first year that statistics on crop acreage were published by FAOSTAT [6].
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Historical Global Durum Wheat Area
- New DW cultivars with traits that made them more competitive with BW (dwarfing, resistant to diseases, high yields, wide adaptation) were distributed globally by CIMMYT to many developing countries with expanding agricultures [53], and others bred by several public institutions and companies in Italy (e.g., Stazione di Granicoltura per la Sicilia) [54].
- A growing demand for DW products, especially pasta (globally a trendy food product from the 1970s), but also couscous, bulgur, and frike, in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region, which are staple foods.
- Generally higher price of DW compared to BW in most markets. Price disparity, almost always favoring DW, is variable, generally 20% higher than the price of BW grain. In countries where DW and BW can be interchanged and markets are relatively free, either crop can be favored in any given year based on the price differential for that particular year. It should be noted that DW commercialization is more restricted due to the smaller number of end-use products, compared to BW, for which it is used [55] and the extent of household consumption.
- Policies encouraging farmers to grow DW. Those policies were applied in the European Union, Canada, the USA, and even in North Africa [56].
4.2. Cultivation and Breeding in the Main DW-Growing Countries: A Summarized History
4.2.1. Russia
4.2.2. Turkey
4.2.3. Italy
4.2.4. Algeria
4.2.5. India
4.2.6. Morocco
4.2.7. Syria
4.2.8. Tunisia
4.2.9. USA
4.2.10. Spain
4.2.11. Ethiopia
4.2.12. Other T. turgidum Subspecies
4.2.13. Global DW Area in the Future
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year 1 | World Durum Area (Mha) | World (Total) Wheat Area (Mha) | Durum Wheat Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1800 | 8.41 | 51.5 | 16.3 |
1850 | 9.66 | 66.3 | 14.6 |
1870 | 11.18 | 84.6 | 13.2 |
1890 | 12.84 | 99.9 | 12.8 |
1900 | 14.89 | 110.0 | 13.5 |
1910 | 17.74 | 132.0 | 13.4 |
1920 | 19.60 | 149.5 | 13.1 |
1930 | 19.72 | 154.2 | 12.8 |
1935 | 18.40 | 157.0 | 11.7 |
1940 | 18.66 | 140.1 | 13.3 |
1950 | 16.33 | 189.4 | 8.6 |
1961 | 16.75 | 204.2 | 8.2 |
1970 | 18.78 | 208.0 | 9.0 |
1980 | 18.97 | 237.3 | 8.0 |
1990 | 16.04 | 230.8 | 7.0 |
2000 | 15.88 | 214.9 | 7.4 |
2005 | 15.88 | 221.7 | 7.2 |
2010 | 13.69 | 215.6 | 6.4 |
2015 | 14.29 | 223.4 | 6.4 |
2020 | 13.52 | 219.0 | 6.2 |
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Martínez-Moreno, F.; Ammar, K.; Solís, I. Global Changes in Cultivated Area and Breeding Activities of Durum Wheat from 1800 to Date: A Historical Review. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051135
Martínez-Moreno F, Ammar K, Solís I. Global Changes in Cultivated Area and Breeding Activities of Durum Wheat from 1800 to Date: A Historical Review. Agronomy. 2022; 12(5):1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051135
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Moreno, Fernando, Karim Ammar, and Ignacio Solís. 2022. "Global Changes in Cultivated Area and Breeding Activities of Durum Wheat from 1800 to Date: A Historical Review" Agronomy 12, no. 5: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051135