Use of Bacterial Cellulose and Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibers Membranes for Removal of Oil from Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Palm Fruit Stalks Pulp
2.3. Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibers(CNF)
2.4. Preparation of Bacterial Cellulose Membranes
2.5. Characterization of CNF and BC
2.6. Preparation of Oil Emulsions
2.7. Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane
2.8. Evaluation of Membrane Properties
2.8.1. Pure Water Flux
2.8.2. Rejection Efficiency
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CNF and BC
3.2. Castor Oil Emulsions
3.3. BC and CNF Membranes
3.4. Water Flux of CNF and BC Films
3.5. Flux of Oil Emulsions
3.6. Removal Efficiency of Oil from Oil-in-Water Emulsions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Incubation Period (Days) | Wet Weight (g) | Dry Weight (g) | Water Content (%) | Wet Thickness (mm) | Dry Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 1.40 | 0.017 | 98.8 | 0.40 | 0.02 |
4 | 10.66 | 0.13 | 98.7 | 3.85 | 0.04 |
6 | 21.43 | 0.17 | 99.2 | 5.23 | 0.08 |
10 | 51.58 | 0.44 | 99.1 | 11.60 | 0.1 |
Sample | 2-Day BC | 4-Day BC | 6-Day BC | 10-Day BC | CNF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water flux (L/h/m2) | 845 ± 70 | 448 ± 45 | 441 ± 67 | 498 ± 52 | 192 ± 29 |
Membrane | Coefficient of Correlation (R2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Complete Blocking | Standard Pore Blocking | Intermediate Blocking | Gel/Cake Filtration | |
BC/non-stabilized oil emulsion | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
BC/stabilized oil emulsion | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
CNF/non-stabilized oil emulsion | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 0.99 |
CNF/stabilized oil emulsion | 0.85 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
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Hassan, E.; Hassan, M.; Abou-zeid, R.; Berglund, L.; Oksman, K. Use of Bacterial Cellulose and Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibers Membranes for Removal of Oil from Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Polymers 2017, 9, 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090388
Hassan E, Hassan M, Abou-zeid R, Berglund L, Oksman K. Use of Bacterial Cellulose and Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibers Membranes for Removal of Oil from Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090388
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Enas, Mohammad Hassan, Ragab Abou-zeid, Linn Berglund, and Kristiina Oksman. 2017. "Use of Bacterial Cellulose and Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibers Membranes for Removal of Oil from Oil-in-Water Emulsions" Polymers 9, no. 9: 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090388