Study of Enzymatically Treated Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols in Sponges Formation Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols and Sponges
Enzyme Addition (E) | Polymers Ratio A:C | Variants (E/A/C) |
---|---|---|
(U) | (v/v) | (code) |
N * | 0:1 | N/C |
1:3 | N/A/3C | |
1:1 | N/A/C | |
3:1 | N/3A/C | |
1:0 | N/A | |
1000 L | 0:1 | L/C |
1:3 | L/A/3C | |
1:1 | L/A/C | |
3:1 | L/3A/C | |
1:0 | L/A |
2.3. Reducing Sugar Assay of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols
2.4. Antioxidant Activity of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols
2.5. Rheological Characterization of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols
- 3 min to a maximum shear rate;
- 1 min at maximum shear rate; and
- 3 min to reach a shear rate of 0.
- 𝜏—shear stress (Pa);
- k—consistency index (Pa·s);
- γ—shear rate (s−1);
- n—flow behavior index (–);
- ηα—apparent viscosity (mPa·s).
2.6. Compressive Properties of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Sponges
2.7. Solubility of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Sponges
2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Enzyme/Alginate/Chitosan Sponges
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Reducing Sugar
3.2. Antioxidant Activity
Main effects | Interactions A/C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A/C | E | ||||
Polymers ratio (v/v) | Free radical scavenging of DPPH (μM·trolox/mL) | Polymers ratio (v/v) | Free radical scavenging of DPPH (μM·trolox/mL) | Polymers ratio (v/v) | Free radical scavenging of DPPH (μM·trolox/mL) |
0/1 | 202.89 ± 21.15 b | N | 198.41 ± 10.48 a | N/C | 231.33 ± 10.67 g |
N/A/3C | 208.43 ± 2.02 def | ||||
1/3 | 181.71 ± 15.19 a | N/A/C | 220.27 ± 5.60 fg | ||
N/3A/C | 206.01 ± 4.19 def | ||||
1/1 | 205.11 ± 4.39 b | N/A | 126 ± 13.15 b | ||
L | 132.43 ± 10.08 b | L/C | 120.66 ± 3.13 b | ||
3/1 | 186.71 ± 10.13 a | L/A/3C | 121.33 ± 1.53 b | ||
L/A/C | 193.33 ± 2.98 d | ||||
1/0 | 119.11 ± 11.32 c | L/3A/C | 146.8 ± 4.05 c | ||
L/A | 80 ± 7.55 a |
3.3. Rheological Properties of Hydrosols
Variants (E/A/C) | Ostwald de Waele model | Herschel–Bulkley model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency index k (Pa·s) | Flow behavior index n (–) | Apparent viscosity η (mPa·s) | Yield stress τ0 (Pa) | |
N | ||||
N/C | 0.02 ± 0.01 × 10−3 a | 0.996 ± 0.05 × 10−2 c | 15.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 × 10−3 a |
N/A/3C | 0.17 ± 0.01 × 10−2 b | 0.682 ± 0.03 × 10−2 b | 30.5 ± 0.5 b | 0.94 ± 0.05 × 10−2 b |
N/A/C | 0.04 ± 0.50 × 10−2 d | 0.901 ± 0.04 × 10−2 g | 317.4 ± 0.4 g | 2.22 ± 0.1 × 10−2 d |
N/3A/C | 2.46 ± 0.10 × 10−2 e | 0.492 ± 0.2 × 10−2 a | 151 ± 1.0 e | 9.62 ± 0.50 × 10−2 h |
N/A | 0.68 ± 0.03 × 10−2 c | 0.713 ± 0.03 × 10−2 f | 140 ± 0.0 c | 2.86 ± 0.10 × 10−2 f |
L | ||||
L/C | 0.01 ± 0.49 × 10−5 a | 0.997 ± 0.05 × 10−2 c | 14.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.01 ± 0.49 × 10−5 a |
L/A/3C | 0.18 ± 0.09 × 10−3 b | 0.677 ± 0.03 × 10−2 b | 28.6 ± 0.4 b | 1.04 ± 0.05 × 10−2 c |
L/A/C | 10.42 ± 0.51 × 10−2 g | 0.277 ± 0.01 × 10−2 d | 189.8 ± 0.2 f | 22.99 ± 0.01 i |
L/3A/C | 2.50 ± 0.12 × 10−2 f | 0.495 ± 0.02 × 10−2 a | 139.5 ± 0.5 c | 9.16 ± 0.45 × 10−2 g |
L/A | 0.69 ± 0.03 × 10−2 c | 0.710 ± 0.04 × 10−2 e | 129.8 ± 0.2 cd | 2.38 ± 0.12 × 10−2 e |
3.4. Compressive Properties of Sponges
Main effects | Interactions A/C | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A/C | E | |||||||
Polymers ratio (v/v) | σ10 (kPa) | E (kPa) | Enzyme addition | σ10 (kPa) | E (kPa) | Variants (E/A/C) | σ10 (kPa) | E (kPa) |
0/1 | 0.96 ± 0.27 a | 8.81 ± 1.97 a | N | 3.02 ± 0.69 a | 27.38 ± 5.28 a | N/C | 1.48 ± 0.31 ab | 11.89 ± 2.96 a |
N/A/3C | 3.47 ± 0.35 b | 31.17 ± 3.32 c | ||||||
1/3 | 2.86 ± 0.33 b | 22.52 ± 4.32 b | N/A/C | 2.23 ± 0.92 ab | 26.14 ± 7.33 bc | |||
N/3A/C | 7.14 ± 1.76 c | 59.01 ± 9.81 d | ||||||
1/1 | 2.08 ± 0.44 ab | 26.54 ± 3.43 b | N/A | 0.77 ± 0.22 a | 8.71 ± 1.62 a | |||
L | 1.31 ± 0.23 b | 21.27 ± 4.52 b | L/C | 0.45 ± 0.10 a | 5.74 ± 1.11 a | |||
3/1 | 4.31 ± 1.50 c | 55.17 ± 4.78 c | L/A/3C | 2.27 ± 0.28 ab | 13.87 ± 2.79 ab | |||
L/A/C | 1.92 ± 0.34 ab | 26.93 ± 2.25 bc | ||||||
1/0 | 0.60 ± 0.12 a | 8.60 ± 0.76 a | L/3A/C | 1.49 ± 0.50 ab | 51.32 ± 1.84 d | |||
L/A | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 8.49 ± 0.47 a |
3.5. Solubility
3.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Variants (E/A/C) | Pore size (μm) |
---|---|
N | |
N/C | 109.2 ± 20.2 a |
N/A/3C | 132.8 ± 22.9 ab |
N/A/C | 124.9 ± 15.2 ab |
N/3A/C | 140.6 ± 21.9 ab |
N/A | 189.8 ± 26.8 bc |
L | |
L/C | 117.6 ± 17.8 ab |
L/A/3C | 217.6 ± 19.8 c |
L/A/C | 120.0 ± 12.4 ab |
L/3A/C | 218.4 ± 35.4 c |
L/A | 224.6 ± 36.1 c |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zimoch-Korzycka, A.; Kulig, D.; Jarmoluk, A.; Marycz, K.; Matuszczak, W. Study of Enzymatically Treated Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols in Sponges Formation Process. Polymers 2016, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8010008
Zimoch-Korzycka A, Kulig D, Jarmoluk A, Marycz K, Matuszczak W. Study of Enzymatically Treated Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols in Sponges Formation Process. Polymers. 2016; 8(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleZimoch-Korzycka, Anna, Dominika Kulig, Andrzej Jarmoluk, Krzysztof Marycz, and Weronika Matuszczak. 2016. "Study of Enzymatically Treated Alginate/Chitosan Hydrosols in Sponges Formation Process" Polymers 8, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8010008