Life Cycle Assessment of Functionalized Bionanocompounds with Ice Nucleation Protein for Freezing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Surface Modification
2.3. LCA of Bionanocompounds
2.3.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.3.2. Life Cycle Inventory
2.3.3. Impact Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Results for Energy Consumption
3.2. Results of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Process | Inventory | Amount | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | Raw materials | Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) | 0.1 | g |
Silica nanoparticles | 0.1 | g | ||
Energy (precision scale) | 0.0033 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.005 | L | ||
Re-suspension | Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) | 0.02 | L | |
Energy (ultrasonic bath) | 0.08 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.1 | L | ||
Silanization | (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) | 0.001 | L | |
Energy (ultrasonic bath) | 0.04 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.1 | L | ||
Crosslinker | Glutaraldehyde (GLU) | 0.002 | L | |
Energy (vortex) | 0.0006 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.1 | L | ||
Energy (refrigerator) | 0.144 | kWh | ||
Second layer | INA protein (Snowmax) | 0.01 | g | |
Energy (vortex) | 0.0006 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.001 | L | ||
Energy (refrigerator) | 3.456 | kWh | ||
Washing and re-dispersion | Energy (ultrasonic bath) | 0.3 | kWh | |
Energy (centrifuge) | 3.5 | kWh | ||
Energy (vortex) | 0.044 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 0.15 | L | ||
Operation | Operation | Magnetite + INA bionanocompound | 40 | mL |
Energy (refrigerator) | 3.943 | kWh | ||
Silica + INA bionanocompund | 40 | mL | ||
Energy (refrigerator) | 7.487 | kWh | ||
Water consumption | 40 | mL | ||
Energy (freezer) | 0.267 | kWh |
Impact Categories | Unit | Magnetite + INA | Silica + INA | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human toxicity, non-carcinogenic effects | CTU | 5.86 × 10−5 | 1.04 × 10−4 | 1.12 × 10−4 |
Human toxicity, carcinogenic effects | CTU | 7.79 × 10−9 | 1.38 × 10−8 | 1.49 × 10−8 |
Ecotoxicity of freshwater | CTU | 0.55 | 0.98 | 1.06 |
Climate change | kg CO2-Eq | 1.45 | 2.57 | 2.77 |
Resource depletion, minerals and metals | kg Sb-Eq | 1.86 × 10−6 | 3.35 × 10−6 | 3.55 × 10−6 |
Resource depletion, dissipated water | m3 water-Eq | 0.70 | 1.23 | 1.33 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC-Eq | 4.34 × 10−3 | 7.69 × 10−3 | 8.29 × 10−3 |
Freshwater and terrestrial acidification | mol H+-Eq | 1.13 × 10−2 | 2.00 × 10−2 | 2.15 × 10−2 |
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Fuentes, O.P.; Osma, J.F. Life Cycle Assessment of Functionalized Bionanocompounds with Ice Nucleation Protein for Freezing Applications. Polymers 2023, 15, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061457
Fuentes OP, Osma JF. Life Cycle Assessment of Functionalized Bionanocompounds with Ice Nucleation Protein for Freezing Applications. Polymers. 2023; 15(6):1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061457
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuentes, Olga P., and Johann F. Osma. 2023. "Life Cycle Assessment of Functionalized Bionanocompounds with Ice Nucleation Protein for Freezing Applications" Polymers 15, no. 6: 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061457