Links among Microbial Communities, Soil Properties and Functions: Are Fungi the Sole Players in Decomposition of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Procedure: Soil, PBSA, and Experimental Conditions
2.2. Analyses of Microbial Communities in Soils
2.3. Soil Physicochemical Properties and Enzyme Analyses
2.4. Determination of Ergosterol
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bacteria and Fungi in Soils without PBSA and Soils of PBSA–Soil Systems: Who Is Who?
3.2. Effects of PBSA and N Addition on Soil Properties, Fungal Biomass
3.3. Microbial Communities Are Shaped by Soil Physicochemical Properties and Linked to Soil Functions
3.4. Enzymes Activity Patterns, Soil Properties, and Fungal Biomass: Are There Any Links?
3.5. Relationships between Microbial Richness and Soil Properties: Significant Differences between Soils and PBSA–Soil Systems
3.6. Relationships between Fungal Biomass and Soil Functions: Consistent for C and N Cycles
3.7. Relationships between Ergosterol Content and Soil Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Presence of PBSA Alters Link between Bacterial and Fungal Richness and Its Relationships with Soil Properties
4.2. Soil Nutrient Cycling Is Still Functioning despite the High Load of PBSA but How about Soil Health?
4.3. Functional Redundancy, Competitions, and Degradation Efficiency
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria | Fungi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | p | R2 | p | |
Treatment | 0.60 | 0.001 | 0.54 | 0.001 |
Total organic carbon (TOC) | 0.68 | 0.001 | 0.88 | 0.001 |
Total nitrogen (TN) | 0.45 | 0.001 | 0.43 | 0.004 |
C: N ratio | 0.30 | 0.034 | 0.32 | 0.015 |
pH | 0.58 | 0.003 | 0.34 | 0.016 |
PBSA amendment | 0.33 | 0.033 | 0.41 | 0.003 |
N amendment | 0.33 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.013 |
Bacteria | Fungi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | p | R2 | p | |
Vmax, Chitinase | 0.71 | 0.003 | 0.91 | 0.001 |
Vmax, Lipase | 0.42 | 0.008 | 0.08 | 0.522 |
Vmax, Phosphatase | 0.90 | 0.001 | 0.47 | 0.020 |
Vmax, β–Glucosidase | 0.35 | 0.024 | 0.15 | 0.249 |
Km, Chitinase | 0.04 | 0.759 | 0.05 | 0.640 |
Km, Lipase | 0.14 | 0.215 | 0.18 | 0.181 |
Km, Phosphatase | 0.61 | 0.003 | 0.48 | 0.008 |
Km, β–Glucosidase | 0.23 | 0.121 | 0.12 | 0.348 |
Microbial Taxa | β-Glucosidase (p) | β-Glucosidase (S) | Chitinase (p) | Chitinase (S) | Lipase (p) | Lipase (S) | Phosphatase (p) | Phosphatase (S) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | ||||||||
Achromobacter | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 0.07 | 0.20 | −0.10 | −0.74 |
Sphingomonas | 0.02 | 0.73 | −0.04 | 0.77 | −0.04 | 0.16 | −0.08 | −0.43 |
RB41 | −0.58 | −0.77 | −0.68 | −0.95 | −0.36 | −0.33 | −0.22 | 0.59 |
Luteimonas | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.44 | −0.72 |
Streptomyces | 0.18 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.53 | −0.12 | 0.38 | −0.27 | −0.58 |
Rhodanobacter | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 0.81 | 0.22 | 0.81 | −0.23 |
Lysobacter | −0.39 | 0.79 | −0.45 | 0.93 | −0.37 | 0.52 | −0.33 | −0.68 |
Gaiella | −0.47 | 0.14 | −0.68 | 0.33 | −0.13 | −0.26 | 0.03 | −0.21 |
Chitinophaga | 0.75 | 0.05 | 0.54 | −0.08 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 0.77 | −0.38 |
Gemmatimonas | 0.26 | 0.71 | −0.08 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.70 | −0.84 |
Bradyrhizobium | −0.62 | 0.59 | −0.83 | 0.50 | −0.49 | −0.03 | −0.38 | −0.39 |
Fungi | ||||||||
Fusarium | 0.68 | −0.76 | 0.92 | −0.64 | 0.28 | −0.25 | 0.08 | 0.62 |
Chaetomium | −0.31 | 0.79 | −0.76 | 0.85 | −0.02 | 0.38 | 0.12 | −0.56 |
Exophiala | 0.42 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.55 | −0.10 |
Tetracladium | −0.58 | 0.60 | −0.84 | 0.64 | −0.21 | 0.35 | 0.01 | −0.53 |
Gibellulopsis | −0.47 | 0.55 | −0.65 | 0.78 | −0.24 | 0.26 | −0.26 | −0.21 |
Schizothecium | −0.19 | 0.55 | −0.66 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.19 | −0.77 |
Ilyonectria | −0.35 | −0.85 | −0.65 | −0.68 | −0.25 | −0.21 | −0.18 | 0.68 |
Mortierella | −0.43 | 0.19 | −0.76 | 0.03 | −0.19 | −0.48 | −0.18 | 0.13 |
Clonostachys | 0.82 | −0.68 | 0.94 | −0.55 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.36 |
Preussia | −0.34 | −0.83 | −0.80 | −0.68 | −0.07 | −0.42 | 0.01 | 0.50 |
Rhizophlyctis | −0.17 | −0.16 | −0.64 | −0.50 | 0.12 | −0.55 | 0.18 | 0.25 |
Stachybotrys | −0.44 | 0.59 | −0.68 | 0.65 | −0.20 | 0.32 | −0.24 | −0.52 |
Fusicolla | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.39 | 0.85 | −0.58 |
Acremonium | −0.29 | 0.81 | −0.71 | 0.64 | −0.04 | 0.19 | 0.17 | −0.50 |
Sistotrema | −0.17 | −0.41 | −0.17 | −0.73 | −0.06 | −0.79 | −0.06 | 0.63 |
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Guliyev, V.; Tanunchai, B.; Noll, M.; Buscot, F.; Purahong, W.; Blagodatskaya, E. Links among Microbial Communities, Soil Properties and Functions: Are Fungi the Sole Players in Decomposition of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic? Polymers 2022, 14, 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142801
Guliyev V, Tanunchai B, Noll M, Buscot F, Purahong W, Blagodatskaya E. Links among Microbial Communities, Soil Properties and Functions: Are Fungi the Sole Players in Decomposition of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic? Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142801
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuliyev, Vusal, Benjawan Tanunchai, Matthias Noll, François Buscot, Witoon Purahong, and Evgenia Blagodatskaya. 2022. "Links among Microbial Communities, Soil Properties and Functions: Are Fungi the Sole Players in Decomposition of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic?" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142801