Multiple Fault Location in a Photovoltaic Array Using Bidirectional Hetero-Associative Memory Network in Micro-Distribution Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Maximum Output Power Estimation and Fault Feature Extraction
2.2. Bidirectional Associative Memory Network
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
- Step (1)
- String 1#: [p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8] = [0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.95, 0.96, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97];String 2#: [p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8] = [0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.96, 0.97, 0.96, 0.96, 0.95];
- Step (2)
- power indexes were parameterized using Equations (10) to (12). The operation states of 16 PV panels were identified asString 1#: [s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7, s8] = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];String 2#: [s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7, s8] = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
- Step (3)
- associated the output patterns:String 1#: [r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8] = [256, 256, 256, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192];String 2#: [r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8] = [256, 256, 256, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192];
- Step (4)
- computed the outputs of Gaussian function units:String 1#: [g1, g2, g3, g4, g5, g6, g7, g8] = [0.0454, 0.2665, 0.5738, 0.4881, 0.2148, 0.0888, 0.0362, 0.0147, 0.0060];String 2#: [g1, g2, g3, g4, g5, g6, g7, g8] = [0.0454, 0.2665, 0.5738, 0.4881, 0.2148, 0.0888, 0.0362, 0.0147, 0.0060];
- Step (5)
- transited the outputs of Gaussian function units to the output units using Equations (22) and (23):String 1#: [r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8] = [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];String 2#: [r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8] = [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
- Step (6)
- reached bidirectional stability and terminated the BHAM algorithm.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fault Type | Power Degradation Index, pq |
---|---|
1. Normal (Nor) | <0.10 |
2. Lower Grounded Fault (LGF) | 0.10~0.30 |
3. Mismatch Fault/Hot Spot (MF/HS) | 0.30~0.60 |
4. Bridged (line-o-line) Fault (BF) | 0.30~0.50 |
5. Open Circuit Fault (OCF) | 0.00 |
6. Upper Grounded Fault (UGF) | >0.60 |
Specific Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Maximum Power Pmax | 87.70 (W) |
Short-circuit Current ISC | 4.80 (A) |
Open-circuit Voltage VOC | 21.70 (V) |
Rated Voltage VR | 19.14 (V) |
Rated Current IR | 4.58 (A) |
Number of Modules Connected in Series ns | 36 |
Number of Modules Connected in Parallel np | 2 |
String | Panel Number | Radiation kW/m2 | Temperature °C | Each Panel Power (W) | Total Output Power (kW) and Current (A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 8 | 0.2–1.0 | 30–45 | 199.1–262.2 | 1.6–2.1 kW 78.4–108.8 A |
2# | 8 | 0.2–1.0 | 30–45 | 199.1–262.2 | 1.6–2.1 kW 78.4–108.8 A |
Method | BHAM Network | PNN Method [24,25] | |
---|---|---|---|
Task | |||
Network Configuration | 8-8-9 | 8-256-9-8 | |
Number | 2 BHAM networks for 2 strings | 2 PNNs for 2 strings | |
Training Data | 256 input-output pairs | 256 input-output pairs | |
Storage Matrix | C8×8, W9×8, and A9×8 | Input (256 × 8) and output (256 × 8) matrices | |
Memory Storage | 832 bytes | 16,384 bytes | |
Process Unit | Gaussian function and hard limit function | Gaussian function | |
Learning Algorithm | Bidirectional associative memory | Least square algorithm | |
Learning Stage | Establish matrices, C, W, and A (Matrix Operation) | Iteration computing process < 100 | |
Recalling Stage | Iteration computing process ≤2 | - | |
Execution Time | Average time: <0.03 s | Average time: <20 s | |
Testing Pattern | 256 patterns for each BHAM network | 256 patterns for each PNN | |
Accuracy | 100% | 100% | |
Application | Easy to implement in a mobile intelligent vehicle | Average to implement in a mobile intelligent vehicle |
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Chang, L.-Y.; Pai, N.-S.; Chou, M.-H.; Chen, J.-L.; Kuo, C.-L.; Lin, C.-H. Multiple Fault Location in a Photovoltaic Array Using Bidirectional Hetero-Associative Memory Network in Micro-Distribution Systems. Crystals 2018, 8, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8080327
Chang L-Y, Pai N-S, Chou M-H, Chen J-L, Kuo C-L, Lin C-H. Multiple Fault Location in a Photovoltaic Array Using Bidirectional Hetero-Associative Memory Network in Micro-Distribution Systems. Crystals. 2018; 8(8):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8080327
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Long-Yi, Neng-Sheng Pai, Min-Hung Chou, Jian-Liung Chen, Chao-Lin Kuo, and Chia-Hung Lin. 2018. "Multiple Fault Location in a Photovoltaic Array Using Bidirectional Hetero-Associative Memory Network in Micro-Distribution Systems" Crystals 8, no. 8: 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8080327