Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Crude Glycerol (a By-Product or Waste Stream from the Biodiesel Industry) to 1,2-Propanediol over B2O3 Promoted Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Catalyst Characterization
2.2. Influence of Process Parameters
2.2.1. Influence of Cu Loading
2.2.2. Influence of B Incorporation
2.2.3. Influence of Temperature
2.2.4. Influence of Hydrogen Pressure
2.2.5. Influence of Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV)
2.2.6. Influence of Glycerol Feedstock Purity
2.3. Long-Term Stability and Catalyst Deactivation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Catalyst Preparation
3.3. Catalyst Characterization
3.4. Catalytic Tests
3.5. Product Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume (cc/g) | Pore Diameter (Å) | Amount of Cu (wt%) 1 | Amount of B (wt%) 1 | Amount of Al (wt%) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | 231 | 0.54 | 103 | |||
5 Cu/Al2O3 | 152 | 0.47 | 100 | |||
5 Cu-0.25B/Al2O3 | 167 | 0.49 | 96 | |||
5 Cu-1B/Al2O3 | 131 | 0.47 | 99 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 92 |
5 Cu-3B/Al2O3 | 109 | 0.32 | 87 | |||
5 Cu-1B/Al2O3 (Spent) | 91 | 0.25 | 83 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 30 |
Catalyst | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,2-PDO | EG | Acetol | Others 1 | ||
Al2O3 | 5 ± 1.2 | 38 ± 0.3 | - | 57 ± 3 2 | 5 ± 0.4 |
1Cu/Al2O3 | 26 ± 2.3 | 85 ± 3.0 | 2 ± 0.2 | 11 ± 0.1 | 2 ± 0.2 |
3Cu/Al2O3 | 45 ± 2.0 | 88 ± 2.0 | 1 ± 0.1 | 7 ± 0.6 | 4 ± 0.6 |
5Cu/Al2O3 | 71 ± 3.0 | 87 ± 1.0 | 3 ± 0.2 | 6 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.1 |
10Cu/Al2O3 | 70 ± 2.0 | 87 ± 2.0 | 1 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.3 |
15Cu/Al2O3 | 68 ± 1.0 | 86 ± 3.0 | 2 ± 0.2 | 6 ± 0.4 | 3 ± 0.4 |
Glycerol Grade | Purity (%) | Water (%) | Ash (%) | MONG 1 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pharmaceutical | 99.9 | 0.1 | <0.001 | N.D |
Technical | 91.6 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 |
Crude | 54.7 | 12.8 | 7.3 | 25.2 |
Catalyst | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,2-PDO | EG | Acetol | 1-PrOH | 2-PrOH | EtOH | ||
5Cu-1B/Al2O3 | 98 ± 2 | 98 ± 2.0 | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.03 |
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Nanda, M.R.; Yuan, Z.; Shui, H.; Xu, C. Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Crude Glycerol (a By-Product or Waste Stream from the Biodiesel Industry) to 1,2-Propanediol over B2O3 Promoted Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts. Catalysts 2017, 7, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7070196
Nanda MR, Yuan Z, Shui H, Xu C. Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Crude Glycerol (a By-Product or Waste Stream from the Biodiesel Industry) to 1,2-Propanediol over B2O3 Promoted Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts. Catalysts. 2017; 7(7):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7070196
Chicago/Turabian StyleNanda, Malaya R., Zhongshun Yuan, Hengfu Shui, and Chunbao (Charles) Xu. 2017. "Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Crude Glycerol (a By-Product or Waste Stream from the Biodiesel Industry) to 1,2-Propanediol over B2O3 Promoted Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts" Catalysts 7, no. 7: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7070196