Emerging Biomarkers in Glioblastoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Verhaak classification [4] | Phillips classification [5] | Jiao classification [6] |
---|---|---|
Classical—High EGFR, TP53, longest survival of subgroups in response to aggressive treatment. | Proliferative—Enriched for neural stem cell markers, PTEN loss, EGFR amplified or normal, Akt (protein kinase B) cell signaling pathway activation, shorter survival than proneural subgroup. | I-X glioma—GBM like; multiple molecular subgroups, distinct from IDH1/ATRX/TP53 (I-A glioma) and IDH/CIC/FUBP1 (I-CF glioma) tumors—prognosis approximately 1 year. |
Proneural—TP53 mutated, IDH1 gene mutated, PDGFRA mutated, patients significantly younger. | Proneural—PTEN intact, EGFR normal, Notch activation, longer survival than proliferative and mesenchymal subgroup. | |
Mesenchymal—NF1 mutated, TP53 mutated, PTEN mutated. | Mesenchymal—Enriched for neural stem cell markers, PTEN loss, EGFR amplified or normal, Akt cell signaling pathway activation, shorter survival than proneural subgroup. | |
Neural—mutations in many of same genes as the other 3 subgroups. Oldest patients on average. |
Molecular/metabolic alteration | Possible biomarker status |
---|---|
O(6)-methlyguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation | Prognostic, predictive [1] |
Loss of heterozygosity chromosome 1p 19q | No prognostic significance [8] |
Loss of heterozygosity 10q | Prognostic [9] |
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutational status | Prognostic [10] |
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | Prognostic [11] |
Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) | Diagnostic, potentially prognostic [12] |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Potentially prognostic [13] |
Tumor suppressor protein p53 | Diagnostic [14] |
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) | Prognostic, possibly predictive [13] |
p16INK4a gene | Inconsistent findings [13] |
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) | Potentially prognostic [15] |
Phospholipid metabolites | Potentially predictive [16] |
Telomerase messenger expression (hTERT messenger ribonucleic acid [mRNA]) | Potentially diagnostic [17], prognostic [18] |
microRNAs (miRNAs) | Diagnostic, prognostic [19] |
Cancer stem cell markers | Potentially prognostic [20,21] |
2. Molecular and Metabolic Alterations in GBM and Their Potential Biomarker Status
2.1. MGMT and DNA Methylation
2.2. Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) of Chromosomes 1p and 19q
2.3. Loss of Heterozygosity 10q
2.4. IDH
2.5. EGFR
2.6. Epidermal Growth Factor, Latrophilin, and 7 Transmembrane Domain-Containing Protein 1 on Chromosome 1 (ELTD1)
2.7. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
2.8. p53
2.9. PTEN
2.10. p16INK4a
2.11. Cytochrome c Oxidase
2.12. Phospholipid Metabolites
2.13. Telomerase Messenger Expression (hTERT Messenger Ribonucleic Acid [mRNA])
3. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
4. Cancer Stem Cells in GBM
5. Imaging Modalities and Their Potential Biomarker Status
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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McNamara, M.G.; Sahebjam, S.; Mason, W.P. Emerging Biomarkers in Glioblastoma. Cancers 2013, 5, 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5031103
McNamara MG, Sahebjam S, Mason WP. Emerging Biomarkers in Glioblastoma. Cancers. 2013; 5(3):1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5031103
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcNamara, Mairéad G., Solmaz Sahebjam, and Warren P. Mason. 2013. "Emerging Biomarkers in Glioblastoma" Cancers 5, no. 3: 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5031103