Electrochemotherapy Causes Caspase-Independent Necrotic-Like Death in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Electroporation in the Presence of Bleomycin, Cisplatin and Oxaliplatin Negatively Affects the Ability of Pancreatic Cells to Recover and Proliferate
2.2. ECT of Pancreatic Cells Leads to Altered Necrotic-Like Morphology Relative to Drug Alone
2.3. Electroporation-Delivered Bleomycin But not Cisplatin or Oxaliplatin Leads to Effector Caspase Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
2.4. ECT-Induced Cell Death in Pancreatic Cancer Cells Can Be Rescued with Pre-Incubation with a Pan Caspase Inhibitor and Necrostatin-1
2.5. Inhibition of Necroptosis Combined with ECT Prevents Pancreatic Cell Death and Improves Recovery
2.5.1. Nec-1
2.5.2. Necrosulphonamide (NSA)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. PI Exclusion Assay to Measure Viability
4.3. Electroporation
4.4. Colony Formation Assay
4.5. Evaluation of Caspase-3 Activity
4.6. Evaluation of Morphology
4.7. Analysis of Phosphatidylserine (PS) Exposure Versus Cell Permeability by Flow Cytometry
4.8. Inhibitor Pre-Treatment
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fernandes, P.; O’Donovan, T.R.; McKenna, S.L.; Forde, P.F. Electrochemotherapy Causes Caspase-Independent Necrotic-Like Death in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancers 2019, 11, 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081177
Fernandes P, O’Donovan TR, McKenna SL, Forde PF. Electrochemotherapy Causes Caspase-Independent Necrotic-Like Death in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancers. 2019; 11(8):1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081177
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Philana, Tracey R. O’Donovan, Sharon L. McKenna, and Patrick F. Forde. 2019. "Electrochemotherapy Causes Caspase-Independent Necrotic-Like Death in Pancreatic Cancer Cells" Cancers 11, no. 8: 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081177