Cutting to the Chase: How Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity Controls Breast-Cancer-to-Bone Metastasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MMP-2 Expression in Breast Cancer and Correlation with Metastasis-Free Survival
3. MMP-2 Contribution to the Early Steps of Breast Cancer Progression and Invasion
4. MMP-2 and Pre-Metastatic Niche Development
5. Dormancy and ECM Interaction
6. MMP-2 in the Vicious Cycle of Bone Metastasis
7. MMP-2 Selective Inhibition in Bone
8. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MMP | Enzyme | Substrate | Role in Breast Cancer to Bone Metastasis | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-1 | Collagenase-1 | Collagens (I–III, VII, VIII, and X), gelatin, and MMP-2 and -9 | Primary tumor growth and collagen cleavage | [4] |
MMP-2 | Gelatinase-A | Gelatin, collagens IV–VI and X, elastin, and fibronectin | Collagen cleavage, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, bioavailability of growth factors (TGF-β/PTHrP), regulation, angiogenesis, pro-MMP/cytokine activation, immune surveillance regulation, and bone pre-metastatic niche formation | [5,6,7] |
MMP-3 | Stromelysin-1 | Collagens (III–V and IX); gelatin; aggrecan; laminin; elastin; plasminogen; MMP-2/TIMP-2; and MMP-7, -8, -9, and -13 | Bone remodeling and ECM degradation | [8] |
MMP-7 | Matrilysin | Collagens (IV and X); gelatin; aggrecan; laminin; elastin; plasminogen; and MMP-1, -2, and -9 | Primary tumor growth, osteoclast formation, and RANKL processing | [5,9] |
MMP-9 | Gelatinase-B | Collagens (IV, V, VII, X, and XIV), gelatin, aggrecan, elastin, plasminogen, MBP, and IL-1β | ECM processing, bone resorption and remodeling, regulation of VEGFA bioavailability, and angiogenesis promotion | [10,11] |
MMP-13 | Collagenase-3 | Collagens (I–IV, IX, X, and XIV), gelatin, plasminogen, fibronectin, and MMP-9 | Osteoblast morphology regulation and bone resorption, type I collagen processing, and physiologic bone development | [12,13] |
MMP-14 | MT1-MMP | Collagens (I–III); gelatin; fibronectin; vitronectin; proteoglycans; and MMP-2 and -13 | Cell invasion, migration and metastases, pro-MMP2 activation, and type I collagen cleavage | [14,15] |
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Tauro, M.; Lynch, C.C. Cutting to the Chase: How Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity Controls Breast-Cancer-to-Bone Metastasis. Cancers 2018, 10, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10060185
Tauro M, Lynch CC. Cutting to the Chase: How Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity Controls Breast-Cancer-to-Bone Metastasis. Cancers. 2018; 10(6):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10060185
Chicago/Turabian StyleTauro, Marilena, and Conor C. Lynch. 2018. "Cutting to the Chase: How Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity Controls Breast-Cancer-to-Bone Metastasis" Cancers 10, no. 6: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10060185