Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Design and Procedures
2.3. Analytical Measures
2.3.1. Complete Blood Count
2.3.2. Plasma Cytokines
2.3.3. Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis, Oxidative Burst Activity
2.3.4. Plasma Antioxidant Capacity
2.3.5. Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
2.3.6. Total Nitrate
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean ± SEM |
---|---|
Age (year) | 48.5 ± 2.3 |
Body mass (kg) | 81.04 ± 2.2 |
% Body fat | 19.6 ± 1.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 0.7 |
Years cycling | 10.95 ± 2.3 |
Wattmax | 314 ± 9.8 |
Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak, mL·kg−1·min−1) | 51.5 ± 1.9 |
Variable | Baseline | Pre-Exercise | Post-Exercise | 1-h Post-Exercise | Time; Interaction p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory markers | ||||||
WBC (109/L) | 6.2 ± 0.34 | |||||
CHO | 5.74 ± 0.31 | 12.2 ± 0.96 | 10.9 ± 0.83 | <0.001; 0.125 | ||
WM | 5.58 ± 0.39 | 14.7 ± 1.01 | 12.4 ± 0.85 | |||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 10.5 ± 1.03 | |||||
CHO | 10.2 ± 0.92 | 12.8 ± 1.11 | 11.9 ± 1.14 | 0.005; 0.936 | ||
WM | 10.2 ± 0.99 | 12.3 ± 1.29 | 12.1 ± 1.19 | |||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.02 ± 0.28 | |||||
CHO | 0.80 ± 0.13 | 10.2 ± 1.83 | 7.92 ± 1.58 | <0.001; 0.921 | ||
WM | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 9.98 ± 1.63 | 7.68 ± 1.56 | |||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 3.21 ± 0.33 | |||||
CHO | 3.26 ± 0.37 | 10.9 ± 1.01 | 12.2 ± 1.55 | <0.001; 0.506 | ||
WM | 3.59 ± 0.33 | 12.1 ± 1.52 | 11.4 ± 1.55 | |||
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 2.31 ± 0.44 | |||||
CHO | 2.46 ± 0.48 | 10.5 ± 3.83 | 8.44 ± 2.82 | 0.002; 0.292 | ||
WM | 2.93 ± 0.82 | 15.5 ± 5.68 | 16.0 ± 6.64 | |||
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 194 ± 7.80 | |||||
CHO | 188 ± 8.99 | 344 ± 23.8 | 333 ± 27.3 | <0.001; 0.206 | ||
WM | 188 ± 9.44 | 375 ± 21.1 | 338 ± 16.9 | |||
G-CSF (pg/mL) | 9.47 ± 0.56 | |||||
CHO | 9.94 ± 0.97 | 16.2 ± 1.55 | 16.8 ± 1.53 | <0.001; 0.041 | ||
WM | 10.7 ± 0.96 | 18.7 ± 2.12 | 19.9 ± 1.94 | |||
GR-PHAG (MFI) | 49.7 ± 4.20 | |||||
CHO | 32.7 ± 2.81 | 63.2 ± 8.83 | 75.3 ± 11.9 | 0.001; 0.635 | ||
WM | 40.8 ± 6.75 | 72.2 ± 12.0 | 83.6 ± 16.3 | |||
MO-PHAG (MFI) | 26.5 ± 1.64 | |||||
CHO | 20.1 ± 1.50 | 36.0 ± 3.46 | 44.4 ± 5.18 | <0.001; 0.612 | ||
WM | 23.9 ± 3.89 | 39.2 ± 4.87 | 44.4 ± 6.88 | |||
GR-OBA (MFI) | 23.3 ± 1.11 | |||||
CHO | 16.3 ± 1.35 | 24.6 ± 2.08 | 26.3 ± 2.78 | <0.001; 0.612 | ||
WM | 18.5 ± 2.54 | 26.2 ± 3.28 | 23.8 ± 3.47 | |||
MO-OBA (MFI) | 11.8 ± 0.44 | |||||
CHO | 9.70 ± 0.59 | 13.5 ± 0.73 | 14.7 ± 0.98 | <0.001; 0.173 | ||
WM | 10.6 ± 1.15 | 13.1 ± 1.09 | 13.0 ± 1.09 |
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Shanely, R.A.; Nieman, D.C.; Perkins-Veazie, P.; Henson, D.A.; Meaney, M.P.; Knab, A.M.; Cialdell-Kam, L. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients 2016, 8, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080518
Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, Henson DA, Meaney MP, Knab AM, Cialdell-Kam L. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080518
Chicago/Turabian StyleShanely, R. Andrew, David C. Nieman, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Dru A. Henson, Mary P. Meaney, Amy M. Knab, and Lynn Cialdell-Kam. 2016. "Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080518