Novel Combination of Prebiotics Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Inulin-Inhibited Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Biomarkers of Colon Cancer in Wistar Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Animals
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Carcinogenic Injection
2.5. Preparation of Prebiotic GOS
2.6. Measurement of Body Weight Changes
2.7. pH and Ammonia
2.8. Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) Analysis
2.9. Samples Collection and Enzyme Analysis
2.9.1. Nitroreductase Assay
2.9.2. β-Glucuronidase Assay
2.9.3. β-Glucosidase Assay
2.10. Short Chain Fatty Acids
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight and Food Intake
3.2. Individual Effect of GOS and Inulin on Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF)
3.3. Combined Effect of Inulin and GOS on ACF
3.4. SCFA, pH, and Ammonia
3.5. Bacterial Enzymes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflict of Interests
References
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Groups | Food Intake (g/Rat/Day) |
---|---|
G1 (Basal Diet Control Group) | 20.0 ± 0.5 a |
G2 (DMH Control Group) | 20.6 ± 0.6 a |
G3 (DMH + GOS 76 mg) | 21.0 ± 0.6 a |
G4 (DMH + GOS 114 mg) | 20.3 ± 0.5 a |
G5 (DMH + GOS 151 mg) | 20.1 ± 0.5 a |
G6 (DMH + Inulin 114 mg) | 21.0 ± 0.6 a |
G7 (DMH + GOS 57 mg + Inulin 57 mg) | 20.7 ± 0.6 a |
ACF | G1 (Basal Diet Control Group) | G2 (DMH Control Group) | G3 (DMH + GOS 76 mg) | G4 (DMH + GOS 114 mg) | G5 (DMH + GOS 151 mg) | G6 (DMH + Inulin 114 mg) | G7 (DMH + GOS 57 mg + Inulin 57 mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACF/proximal colon | ND | 24.6 ± 2.73 a | 23.8 ± 2.87 a | 12.6 ± 2.13 b | 8.7 ± 1.47 b,c | 7.5 ± 1.05 b,c | 5.3 ± 0.63 c |
ACF/middle colon | ND | 39.6 ± 4.03 a | 33.3 ± 3.09 a | 23.8 ± 2.82 b | 15.2 ± 1. 86 c | 16.2 ± 1.92 b,c | 18.8 ± 2.72 b,c |
ACF/distal colon | ND | 106.3 ± 6.77 a | 92.3 ± 5.50 a | 95.2 ± 5.63 a | 76.0 ± 5.32 b | 59.6 ± 4.98 c | 51.2 ± 4.14 c |
Total ACF/colon | ND | 170.4 ± 7.34 a | 153.1 ± 9.23 a | 131.6 ± 9.77 b | 99.8 ± 8.93 c | 83.3 ± 5.52 c,d | 75.3 ± 6.95 d |
% of total ACF inhibition | - | - | 10.2 | 22.8 | 41.4 | 51.2 | 55.8 |
Parameters | G1 (Basal Diet Control Group) | G2 (DMH Control Group) | G3 (DMH + GOS 76 mg) | G4 (DMH + GOS 114 mg) | G5 (DMH + GOS 151 mg) | G6 (DMH + Inulin 114 mg) | G7 (DMH + GOS 57 mg + Inulin 57 mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CECUM | Acetate | 82.6 ± 2.73 c,d | 80.5 ± 3.30 e | 86.8 ± 3.66 c,d | 91.4 ± 3.08 b,c | 97.1 ± 2.89 a,b | 99.3 ± 3.55 a,b | 104.0 ± 3.95 a |
Propionate | 23.3 ± 1.89 c | 22.7 ± 1.96 c | 24.7 ± 2.21 b,c | 27.8 ± 1.41 b,c | 28.2 ± 1.54 b,c | 29.3 ± 1.58 a,b | 33.6 ± 1.79 a | |
Butyrate | 15.7 ± 0.79 c,d | 15.4 ± 1.08 d | 16.3 ± 1.13 c,d | 18.8 ± 1.08 b,c | 19.7 ± 1.19 a,b | 20.2 ± 0.99 a,b | 22.7 ± 1.44 a | |
pH | 6.6 ± 0.15 | 6.7 ± 0.14 | 6.5 ± 0.12 | 6.5 ± 0.07 | 6.4 ± 0.11 | 6.4 ± 0.13 | 6.3 ± 0.18 | |
Ammonia | 15.3 ± 1.48 a | 15.6 ± 1.69 a | 14.9 ± 2.05 a | 12.8 ± 1.62 a,b | 11.1 ± 1.06 a,b,c | 10.3 ± 1.15 b,c | 7.7 ± 0.64 c | |
FECAL | Acetate | 55.4 ± 2.60 c | 53.8 ± 2.84 c | 57.5 ± 3.08 b,c | 63.7 ± 2.38 a,b | 67.1 ± 3.16 a | 69.6 ± 2.58 a | 70.4 ± 2.64 a |
Propionate | 15.4 ± 0.83 b,c | 15.3 ± 0.78 c | 16.8 ± 0.98 b,c | 18.4 ± 1.05 b | 21.3 ± 1.04 a | 22.3 ± 1.07 a | 24.3 ± 1.27 a | |
Butyrate | 5.5 ± 0.51 c | 5.3 ± 0.53 c | 6.2 ± 0.67 c | 7.3 ± 0.66 b,c | 8.4 ± 0.73 a,b | 8.8 ± 0.73 a,b | 9.8 ± 0.94 a | |
pH | 6.6 ± 0.16 | 6.6 ± 0.14 | 6.5 ± 0.10 | 6.4 ± 0.08 | 6.4 ± 0.11 | 6.4 ± 0.13 | 6.3 ± 0.11 | |
Ammonia | 10.1 ± 1.13 a | 10.6 ± 1.34 a | 8.8 ± 0.84 a,b | 6.8 ± 0.87 b,c | 5.9 ± 0.95 b,c | 5.5 ± 0.92 c | 4.2 ± 0.37 c |
Enzymes | G1 (Basal Diet Control Group) | G2 (DMH Control Group) | G3 (DMH + GOS 76 mg) | G4 (DMH + GOS 114 mg) | G5 (DMH + GOS 151 mg) | G6 (DMH + Inulin 114 mg) | G7 (DMH + GOS 57 mg + Inulin 57 mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CECUM | β-Glucosidase | 0.97 ± 0.12 a,b | 1.13 ± 0.21 a | 1.09 ± 0.11 a | 0.83 ± 0.11 a,b,c | 0.77 ± 0.11 a,b,c | 0.64 ± 0.12 b,c | 0.52 ± 0.13 c |
β-Glucoronidase | 3.15 ± 0.19 a | 3.19 ± 0.19 a | 2.94 ± 0.18 a | 2.57 ± 0.18 a,b | 2.19 ± 0.27 b | 2.27 ± 0.25 b | 1.94 ± 0.19 b | |
Nitroreductase | 4.17 ± 0.65 a | 4.33 ± 0.53 a | 4.16 ± 0.82 a | 2.58 ± 0.54 b | 2.17 ± 0.27 b | 2.02 ± 0.21 b | 1.68 ± 0.19 b | |
Azoreductase | 10.75 ± 1.14 a | 10.58 ± 1.06 a | 8.42 ± 0.97 a,b | 7.25 ± 0.93 b | 5.67 ± 0.69 b,c | 6.08 ± 0.86 b,c | 4.33 ± 0.58 c | |
FECAL | β-Glucosidase | 0.80 ± 0.12 a,b | 1.12 ± 0.13 a | 0.73 ± 0.08 b,c | 0.81 ± 0.10 a,b | 0.57 ± 0.10 b,c | 0.47 ± 0.10 b,c | 0.43 ± 0.11 c |
β-Glucoronidase | 2.56 ± 0.33 a | 2.64 ± 0.35 a | 2.14 ± 0.26 a,b | 1.71 ± 0.19 b,c | 1.50 ± 0.25 b,c | 1.37 ± 0.12 c | 1.17 ± 0.11 c | |
Nitroreductase | 2.67 ± 0.36 a,b | 2.92 ± 0.45 a | 2.66 ± 0.62 a,b | 1.75 ± 0.18 b,c | 1.27 ± 0.16 c | 1.14 ± 0.17 c | 0.97 ± 0.16 c | |
Azoreductase | 6.58 ± 0.85 a | 6.83 ± 0.81 a | 5.75 ± 0.79 a,b | 4.33 ± 0.54 b,c | 3.67 ± 0.33 c,d | 3.42 ± 0.23 c,d | 2.17 ± 0.28 d |
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Qamar, T.R.; Syed, F.; Nasir, M.; Rehman, H.; Zahid, M.N.; Liu, R.H.; Iqbal, S. Novel Combination of Prebiotics Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Inulin-Inhibited Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Biomarkers of Colon Cancer in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2016, 8, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080465
Qamar TR, Syed F, Nasir M, Rehman H, Zahid MN, Liu RH, Iqbal S. Novel Combination of Prebiotics Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Inulin-Inhibited Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Biomarkers of Colon Cancer in Wistar Rats. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080465
Chicago/Turabian StyleQamar, Tahir Rasool, Fatima Syed, Muhammad Nasir, Habib Rehman, Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Rui Hai Liu, and Sanaullah Iqbal. 2016. "Novel Combination of Prebiotics Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Inulin-Inhibited Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Biomarkers of Colon Cancer in Wistar Rats" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080465