Glucose Homeostasis Variables in Pregnancy versus Maternal and Infant Body Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants and Study Outline
2.2. Body Composition of Women in Gestational Week 32
2.3. Glucose Homeostasis Variables of Women in Gestational Week 32
2.4. Body Size and Composition of Infants
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Mothers and Their Infants
3.2. Glucose Homeostasis Variables vs. Body Composition of Women in Gestational Week 32
Women | All ( n = 209) | Mothers of Girls | Mothers of Boys |
---|---|---|---|
( n = 99) | ( n = 110) | ||
Stage of Gestation (weeks) | 31.4 ± 0.3 | 31.4 ± 0.3 | 31.4 ± 0.3 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 3.4 | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 26.7 ± 3.0 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | 17.3 ± 1.4 | 17.4 ± 1.5 | 17.3 ± 1.4 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 9.3 ± 2.6 | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 9.4 ± 2.4 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 49.6 ± 5.3 | 49.8 ± 5.5 | 49.4 ± 5.1 |
Fat mass (kg) | 26.5 ± 7.4 | 26.2 ± 7.8 | 26.7 ± 7.1 |
Fat mass (%) | 34.3 ± 5.8 | 33.9 ± 6.2 | 34.6 ± 5.5 |
Glucose in plasma (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.3 |
Insulin in serum (pmol/L) | 66 ± 37 | 65 ± 38 | 67 ± 36 |
HOMA-IR | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.2 |
HbA1c * (mmol/mol) | 31 ± 3 | 31 ± 3 | 32 ± 3 |
IGFBP-1 in serum † (ng/mL) | 108 ± 71 | 110 ± 81 | 107 ± 62 |
Infants | All (n = 209) | Girls (n = 99) | Boys (n = 110) |
Age (weeks) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
Length (cm) | 51.5 ± 1.5 | 51.0 ± 1.5 | 52.0 ± 1.5 |
Weight (g) | 3591 ± 458 | 3523 ± 445 | 3653 ± 462 |
Fat-free mass (g) | 3151 ± 343 | 3049 ± 318 | 3243 ± 339 |
Fat mass (g) | 440 ± 183 | 474 ± 171 | 409 ± 188 |
Fat mass (%) | 12.0 ± 4.0 | 13.2 ± 3.6 | 10.9 ± 4.1 |
3.3. Glucose Homeostasis Variables of Women in Gestational Week 32 vs. Size and Body Composition of Their Infants
Body Composition † | Glucose (SDS ‡) | HOMA-IR (SDS ‡) | HbA1c (SDS ‡) | IGFBP-1 (SDS ‡) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Independent Variables) | n = 209 | n = 209 | n = 208 | n = 204 | ||||||||
b | r2 | p | b | r2 | p | b | r2 | p | b | r2 | p | |
Fat mass (kg) | 0.04 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.32 § | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.012 | −0.05 | 0.14 | <0.001 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 0.10 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.32 § | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.003 | −0.14 | 0.14 | <0.001 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | 0.22 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.14 § | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.001 | −0.26 | 0.13 | <0.001 |
3.4. HOMA-IR of Women in Gestational Week 32 vs. Fat Mass of Their Infant Sons and Daughters
3.5. Fat Mass of Infant Girls vs. Fat Mass and HOMA-IR of Their Mothers in Gestational Week 32
Model | Maternal (Independent) Variables | b | r2 | p | Model Adjusted r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A * | Fat mass (kg) | 5.8 | 0.09 | 0.004 | 0.27 |
B * | HOMA-IR (SDS †) | 52.7 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.30 |
C * | Fat mass (kg) | 2.7 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
HOMA-IR (SDS †) | 41.4 | 0.06 | 0.017 |
- (A)
- Infant weightglucose: b = 61.0, r2 = 0.03, n = 209, p = 0.022HOMA-IR: b = 55.6, r2 = 0.02, n = 209, p = 0.035IGFBP-1: b = −68.2, r2 = 0.03, n = 204, p = 0.011
- (B)
- Infant fat-free massglucose: n = 209, p = 0.13HOMA-IR: n = 209, p = 0.21IGFBP-1: n = 204, p = 0.13
- (C)
- Infant fat massglucose: b = 31.0, r2 = 0.04, n = 209, p = 0.006HOMA-IR: b = 31.3, r2 = 0.04, n = 209, p = 0.005IGFBP-1: b = −38.5, r2 = 0.06, n = 204, p = 0.001
- HOMA-IRGirls: b = 52.7, r2 = 0.13, n = 99, p < 0.001Boys: b = 7.8, r2 = 0.00, n = 110, p = 0.65.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Henriksson, P.; Löf, M.; Forsum, E. Glucose Homeostasis Variables in Pregnancy versus Maternal and Infant Body Composition. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5615-5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075243
Henriksson P, Löf M, Forsum E. Glucose Homeostasis Variables in Pregnancy versus Maternal and Infant Body Composition. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5615-5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075243
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenriksson, Pontus, Marie Löf, and Elisabet Forsum. 2015. "Glucose Homeostasis Variables in Pregnancy versus Maternal and Infant Body Composition" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5615-5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075243