Examining Sociodemographic Factors, Reasons, and Barriers in the Diversity of Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Undergraduate Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Questionnaire Design
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Fruit and Vegetable Intake
3.3. Reasons for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
3.4. Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total, n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 188 (34.7) |
Female | 354 (65.3) |
BMI 1 | |
Underweight | 116 (21.4) |
Normal | 296 (54.6) |
Overweight | 66 (12.2) |
Obese | 64 (11.8) |
Study Fields | |
Health Sciences | 203 (37.5) |
Social and Humanities | 182 (33.6) |
Sciences and Technology | 157 (29.0) |
Academic Years | |
Freshman | 122 (22.5) |
Sophomore | 135 (24.9) |
Junior | 127 (23.4) |
Senior | 158 (29.2) |
Living | |
Parents | 197 (36.3) |
Roommates | 210 (38.7) |
Alone | 135 (24.9) |
Income (THB/month) | |
≤5000 | 174 (32.1) |
5001–10,000 | 271 (50.0) |
>10,000 | 97 (17.9) |
Online class | |
≤3 days/week | 261 (48.2) |
>3 days/week | 281 (51.8) |
Digital usage | |
<3 h/day | 53 (9.8) |
3–6 h/day | 225 (41.5) |
>6 h/day | 264 (48.7) |
Physical activity 2 | |
Sufficient | 114 (21.0) |
Insufficient | 217 (40.0) |
Inactivity | 211 (38.9) |
Smoking | |
Smoking | 15 (2.8) |
No smoking | 527 (97.2) |
Cooking method | |
By themself | 29 (5.4) |
Buying from outside | 405 (74.7) |
By others (parents, caregivers, or maids) | 108 (19.9) |
Perceived stress | |
Low | 317 (58.5) |
Moderate | 217 (40.0) |
High | 8 (1.5) |
Quality of life | |
Poor | 13 (2.4) |
Moderate | 379 (69.9) |
Good | 150 (27.7) |
Fruit intake | |
<3 servings/day | 536 (98.9) |
≥3 servings/day | 6 (1.1) |
Vegetable intake | |
<4 servings/day | 540 (99.6) |
≥4 servings/day | 2 (0.4) |
Variables | Citrus Fruit | Pome Fruit | Berries and Other Small Fruits | Assorted Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (Edible Peel) | Assorted Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (Inedible Peel) | Melon Fruit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Sex (Reference = Male) | ||||||||||||
Female | 1.096 (0.664–1.810) | 0.912 (0.553–1.506) | 1.618 (1.086–2.410) * | 0.618 (0.415–0.921) * | 0.833 (0.544–1.276) | 1.201 (0.784–1.839) | 2.246 (1.499–3.363) *** | 0.445 (0.297–0.667) *** | 1.765 (0.961–3.239) | 0.567 (0.309–1.040) | 0.956 (0.647–1.413) | 1.046 (0.708–1.546) |
Living (Reference = Parents) | ||||||||||||
Roommates | 0.690 (0.38–1.253) | 1.450 (0.798–2.635) | 0.592 (0.37–0.946) * | 1.689 (1.057–2.700) * | 0.469 (0.283–0.776) ** | 2.133 (1.288–3.532) ** | 0.759 (0.467–1.233) | 1.318 (0.811–2.140) | 0.627 (0.289–1.359) | 1.596 (0.736–3.463) | 1.278 (0.805–2.027) | 0.783 (0.493–1.242) |
Alone | 0.828 (0.43–1.597) | 1.208 (0.626–2.328) | 0.576 (0.342–0.969) * | 1.736 (1.032–2.920) * | 0.375 (0.210–0.670) *** | 2.666 (1.493–4.760) *** | 0.66 (0.387–1.126) | 1.514 (0.888–2.581) | 0.492 (0.218–1.114) | 2.031 (0.898–4.594) | 0.733 (0.439–1.223) | 1.365 (0.817–2.279) |
Cooking Method (Reference = Cooking by Themselves) | ||||||||||||
Buying from outside | 1.075 (0.379–3.051) | 0.930 (0.328–2.641) | 1.210 (0.545–2.689) | 0.826 (0.372–1.836) | 1.791 (0.673–4.765) | 0.558 (0.210–1.486) | 1.401 (0.624–3.147) | 0.714 (0.318–1.603) | 3.297 (1.291–8.425) * | 0.303 (0.119–0.775) * | 1.351 (0.609–2.998) | 0.740 (0.334–1.643) |
Cooking by parents, caregivers, or maids | 2.728 (0.902–8.249) | 0.367 (0.121–1.108) | 1.566 (0.647–3.790) | 0.638 (0.264–1.545) | 2.818 (0.996–7.970) | 0.355 (0.125–1.004) | 1.407 (0.573–3.452) | 0.711 (0.290–1.745) | 7.176 (1.957–26.307) ** | 0.139 (0.038–0.511) ** | 1.887 (0.784–4.543) | 0.53 (0.220–1.276) |
Variables | Cucurbitaceae | Brassicaceae | Solanaceae | Lamiaceae | Physalacriaceae | Fabaceae | Asteraceae | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
BMI (Reference = Obese) | ||||||||||||||
Underweight | 0.592 (0.258–1.362) | 1.690 (0.718–3.982) | 1.100 (0.397–3.044) | 0.909 (0.329–2.516) | 0.672 (0.328–1.374) | 1.489 (0.728–3.045) | 0.467 (0.197–1.107) | 2.139 (0.903–5.067) | 0.254 (0.100–0.642) ** | 3.937 (1.557–9.953) ** | 0.573 (0.299–1.098) | 1.744 (0.911–3.339) | 0.611 (0.313–1.191) | 1.637 (0.840–3.193) |
Normal | 0.788 (0.366–1.697) | 1.199 (0.546–2.632) | 1.785 (0.692–4.603) | 0.560 (0.217–1.444) | 0.677 (0.357–1.285) | 1.477 (0.778–2.803) | 0.333 (0.152–0.732) ** | 3.001 (1.366–6.593) ** | 0.352 (0.147–0.842) * | 2.84 (1.188–6.790) * | 0.734 (0.416–1.297) | 1.362 (0.771–2.406) | 0.83 (0.457–1.504) | 1.205 (0.665–2.186) |
Overweight | 0.735 (0.286–1.886) | 1.259 (0.471–3.367) | 1.495 (0.384–5.827) | 0.669 (0.172–2.606) | 0.837 (0.358–1.960) | 1.194 (0.510–2.796) | 0.409 (0.155–1.075) | 2.448 (0.930–6.441) | 0.414 (0.142–1.203) | 2.417 (0.831–7.027) | 0.739 (0.354–1.542) | 1.353 (0.649–2.821) | 1.519 (0.670–3.444) | 0.658 (0.290–1.493) |
Academic Year (Reference = Senior) | ||||||||||||||
Freshman | 1.334 (0.674–2.639) | 0.808 (0.412–1.582) | 2.408 (0.986–5.882) | 0.415 (0.170–1.014) | 1.053 (0.589–1.884) | 0.950 (0.531–1.698) | 0.750 (0.413–1.361) | 1.334 (0.735–2.422) | 1.088 (0.590–2.009) | 0.919 (0.498–1.696) | 1.216 (0.714–2.069) | 0.822 (0.483–1.4) | 0.780 (0.455–1.337) | 1.282 (0.748–2.197) |
Sophomore | 1.425 (0.706–2.878) | 0.756 (0.379–1.508) | 2.334 (0.95–5.736) | 0.428 (0.174–1.053) | 0.85 (0.473–1.525) | 1.177 (0.656–2.113) | 0.904 (0.49–1.667) | 1.106 (0.6–2.041) | 1.327 (0.692–2.541) | 0.754 (0.393–1.444) | 1.344 (0.782–2.312) | 0.744 (0.433–1.279) | 1.058 (0.609–1.838) | 0.945 (0.544–1.643) |
Junior | 0.945 (0.496–1.803) | 1.074 (0.564–2.044) | 3.660 (1.423–9.414) ** | 0.273 (0.106–0.703) ** | 0.869 (0.489–1.544) | 1.151 (0.648–2.045) | 0.924 (0.504–1.694) | 1.082 (0.590–1.982) | 1.119 (0.607–2.060) | 0.894 (0.485–1.646) | 1.585 (0.933–2.693) | 0.631 (0.371–1.071) | 0.953 (0.556–1.635) | 1.049 (0.612–1.798) |
Cooking Method (Reference = Cooking by Themself) | ||||||||||||||
Buying from outside | 1.868 (0.758–4.606) | 0.540 (0.220–1.324) | 3.544 (1.242–10.113) * | 0.282 (0.099–0.805) * | 0.644 (0.255–1.632) | 1.552 (0.613–3.929) | 3.609 (1.578–8.253) ** | 0.277 (0.121–0.634) ** | 1.680 (0.696–4.060) | 0.595 (0.246–1.438) | 1.527 (0.667–3.497) | 0.655 (0.286–1.499) | 0.753 (0.319–1.778) | 1.327 (0.562–3.134) |
Cooking by parents, caregivers, or maids | 2.571 (0.909–7.271) | 0.402 (0.144–1.126) | 3.675 (1.034–13.064) * | 0.272 (0.077–0.967) * | 0.824 (0.297–2.287) | 1.213 (0.437–3.366) | 3.195 (1.268–8.053) * | 0.313 (0.124–0.789) * | 2.261 (0.812–6.296) | 0.442 (0.159–1.232) | 2.120 (0.855–5.261) | 0.472 (0.190–1.170) | 0.913 (0.355–2.351) | 1.095 (0.425–2.821) |
Quality of Life (Reference = Poor) | ||||||||||||||
Mild | 1.075 (0.268–4.312) | 0.938 (0.235–3.752) | 12.748 (3.201–50.779) *** | 0.078 (0.02–0.312) *** | 2.871 (0.878–9.389) | 0.348 (0.107–1.139) | 5.914 (1.645–21.266) ** | 0.169 (0.047–0.608) ** | 5.410 (1.548–18.905) * | 0.185 (0.053–0.646) * | 3.440 (0.857–13.812) | 0.291 (0.072–1.168) | 1.462 (0.435–4.914) | 0.684 (0.203–2.299) |
Good | 1.303 (0.309–5.486) | 0.774 (0.185–3.235) | 9.783 (2.330–41.079) ** | 0.102 (0.024–0.429) ** | 2.76 (0.817–9.320) | 0.362 (0.107–1.223) | 7.068 (1.900–26.298) ** | 0.141 (0.038–0.526) ** | 4.372 (1.215–15.733) * | 0.229 (0.064–0.823) * | 3.462 (0.843–14.225) | 0.289 (0.070–1.187) | 1.421 (0.411–4.909) | 0.704 (0.204–2.432) |
Reason | Fruit Intake | Vegetable Intake | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 542) | No (n = 46) | Yes (n = 496) | Total (n = 540) | No (n = 9) | Yes (n = 531) | |
Taste (%) | 85.4 | 60.9 | 87.7 | 54.8 | 33.3 | 55.2 |
Healthy (%) | 77.9 | 56.5 | 79.8 | 80.7 | 55.6 | 81.2 |
Availability (%) | 42.4 | 21.7 | 44.4 | 23.3 | 11.1 | 23.5 |
Other reason (%) | 2.8 | 13.0 | 1.8 | 5.7 | 11.1 | 5.6 |
Barrier | Fruit Intake | Vegetable Intake | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 539) | No (n = 46) | Yes (n = 493) | Total (n = 541) | No (n = 9) | Yes (n = 532) | |
Sufficient intake perceived (%) | 30.8 | 13.0 | 32.5 | 24.6 | 11.1 | 24.8 |
Unlike (%) | 11.7 | 30.4 | 9.9 | 35.3 | 77.8 | 34.6 |
Preparation time needed (%) | 22.3 | 13.0 | 23.1 | 17.4 | 22.2 | 17.3 |
Forgot to eat (%) | 28.2 | 17.4 | 29.2 | 25.9 | 11.1 | 26.1 |
Expensive cost (%) | 27.6 | 21.7 | 28.2 | 15.3 | 0.0 | 15.6 |
Having a busy lifestyle (%) | 50.1 | 50.0 | 50.1 | 56.9 | 11.1 | 57.7 |
Unknown benefits of FVs (%) | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.9 |
Other barriers (%) | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 |
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Kaewpradup, T.; Tangmongkhonsuk, M.; Chusak, C.; Siervo, M.; Adisakwattana, S. Examining Sociodemographic Factors, Reasons, and Barriers in the Diversity of Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Undergraduate Students. Nutrients 2024, 16, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060779
Kaewpradup T, Tangmongkhonsuk M, Chusak C, Siervo M, Adisakwattana S. Examining Sociodemographic Factors, Reasons, and Barriers in the Diversity of Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Undergraduate Students. Nutrients. 2024; 16(6):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060779
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaewpradup, Thanaporn, Mutthatinee Tangmongkhonsuk, Charoonsri Chusak, Mario Siervo, and Sirichai Adisakwattana. 2024. "Examining Sociodemographic Factors, Reasons, and Barriers in the Diversity of Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Undergraduate Students" Nutrients 16, no. 6: 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060779