Trend and Predictors of Breastmilk Feeding among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in NICU and at Discharge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of the Study
2.1. Objectives
2.2. Design, Setting and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- What this study adds
5. Conclusions and Relevance
6. Strengths and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MOM | Mother’s Own Milk |
EMOM | Exclusive Mothers’ Own Milk |
MMOM | Mixed Mother’s Own Milk |
NMOM | No Mother’s Own Milk |
HM | Human Milk |
DM | Donor Milk |
FM | Formula Milk |
HMB | Human Milk Bank |
BF | Breastfeeding |
EBF | Exclusive Breastfeeding |
EF | Enteral Feeding |
MEF | Minimal Enteral Feeding |
FEF | Full Enteral Feeding |
VLBW | Very Low Birth Weight |
ELBW | Extremely Low Birth Weight |
NEC | Necrotizing Enterocolitis |
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(n = 97) | |
---|---|
Gestational Age | |
Mean (SD) | 28.56 (2.73) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 29.00 (27.00, 30.00) |
Min–Max | 23.00–35.00 |
Birth Weight | |
Mean (SD) | 1091.48 (287.93) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 1110.00 (870.00, 1320.00) |
Min–Max | 520.00–1495.00 |
Year | |
2017 | 24 (24.7%) |
2018 | 24 (24.7%) |
2019 | 24 (24.7%) |
2020 | 8 (8.2%) |
2021 | 17 (17.5%) |
Single/Twin | |
Twin | 36 (37.5%) |
Single | 60 (62.5%) |
Delivery | |
Vaginal | 14 (14.6%) |
Cesarean Section | 82 (85.4%) |
Maternal Age | |
Mean (SD) | 32.62 (6.11) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 33.00 (28.50, 37.50) |
Min–Max | 19.00–46.00 |
Donated Milk mL | |
Mean (SD) | 4015.88 (3840.05) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 2900.00 (500.00, 7100.00) |
Min–Max | 12.00–12,200.00 |
Start Minimal Enteral Feeding | |
Mean (SD) | 1.78 (1.03) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 2.00 (1.00, 2.00) |
Min–Max | 1.00–7.00 |
Maternal Own Milk | |
NO | 29 (30.5%) |
YES | 66 (69.5%) |
Start Maternal Own Milk | |
Mean (SD) | 4.11 (1.93) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 4.00 (3.00, 5.00) |
Min–Max | 1.00–12.00 |
Full Enteral Feeding | |
Mean (SD) | 18.53 (14.30) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 15.00 (9.00, 22.00) |
Min–Max | 3.00–80.00 |
Days of hospitalization | |
Mean (SD) | 62.14 (25.76) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 58.00 (45.25, 76.00) |
Min–Max | 22.00–161.00 |
Weight at discharge | |
Mean (SD) | 2538.55 (529.59) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 2390.00 (2157.50, 2802.50) |
Min–Max | 1781.00–4960.00 |
Feeding at discharge | |
Formulated Milk | 51 (52.6%) |
Maternal Own Milk | 35 (36.1%) |
Maternal Own Milk + Formulated Milk | 11 (11.3%) |
Average daily weight increment | |
Mean (SD) | 24.02 (7.22) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 23.00 (19.67, 26.85) |
Min–Max | 12.20–71.30 |
Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n° | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 17 | |
GA (mean (SD)) | 27.29 (2.37) | 28.58 (2.89) | 29.00 (2.59) | 29.25 (3.28) | 29.35 (2.57) | 0.097 |
Weight (mean (SD)) | 1030.00 (316.32) | 1085.46 (281.31) | 1139.29 (298.99) | 1052.50 (243.35) | 1137.65 (270.64) | 0.680 |
Single (%) | 17 (70.83) | 16 (66.67) | 15 (65.22) | 5 (62.50) | 7 (41.18) | 0.372 |
CS (%) | 18 (78.26) | 21 (87.50) | 18 (75.00) | 8 (100.00) | 17 (100.00) | 0.117 |
Maternal age (mean (SD)) | 31.86 (6.15) | 32.38 (6.98) | 31.04 (5.71) | 33.75 (4.13) | 35.65 (5.48) | 0.168 |
MOM = YES (%) | 16 (66.67) | 15 (62.50) | 21 (91.30) | 1 (14.29) | 13 (76.47) | 0.003 |
Start MOM (mean (SD)) | 4.44 (2.16) | 4.47 (2.53) | 4.00 (1.63) | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.30 (1.16) | 0.602 |
DM mL (mean (SD)) | 3211.25 (3324.12) | 4599.29 (4045.35) | 3200.57 (3510.58) | 9883.33 (2116.99) | 2125.00 (1935.94) | <0.001 |
Start MEF (mean (SD)) | 1.52 (0.73) | 2.04 (1.40) | 1.67 (0.48) | 2.38 (1.92) | 1.65 (0.61) | 0.180 |
FEF Achievement (mean (SD)) | 22.77 (21.76) | 15.58 (7.37) | 16.22 (10.72) | 20.88 (14.95) | 19.89 (12.75) | 0.433 |
Length of stay (mean (SD)) | 65.71 (30.32) | 68.54 (28.76) | 60.58 (22.10) | 59.50 (19.34) | 52.12 (21.49) | 0.331 |
Average daily weight increment (mean (SD)) | 21.08 (3.44) | 22.27 (4.46) | 23.83 (5.72) | 21.55 (3.95) | 31.36 (11.25) | <0.001 |
NO | YES | p | |
---|---|---|---|
n° | 29 | 66 | |
GA (mean (SD)) | 29.28 (2.95) | 28.23 (2.57) | 0.084 |
Weight (mean (SD)) | 1169.24 (291.62) | 1059.64 (281.78) | 0.087 |
Sing_Twins = S (%) | 14 (50.00) | 44 (66.67) | 0.198 |
CS (%) | 24 (82.76) | 56 (86.15) | 0.910 |
Maternal Age (mean (SD)) | 32.00 (7.19) | 32.83 (5.68) | 0.553 |
Start MOM (mean (SD)) | 3.00 (2.83) | 4.07 (1.84) | 0.429 |
Length of stay (mean (SD)) | 57.34 (27.31) | 64.59 (25.00) | 0.213 |
Average daily weight increment (mean (SD)) | 23.38 (4.44) | 24.43 (8.26) | 0.527 |
Start MEF (mean (SD)) | 1.90 (1.18) | 1.72 (0.98) | 0.457 |
FEF (mean (SD)) | 14.88 (7.30) | 19.53 (15.73) | 0.162 |
(a) | ||||
FM | MOM | MOM + FM | p | |
GA (mean (SD)) | 29.12 (2.75) | 27.97 (2.43) | 27.82 (3.19) | 0.101 |
Weight (mean (SD)) | 1142.73 (280.65) | 1032.29 (284.47) | 1042.27 (313.99) | 0.182 |
Single (%) | 29 (58.00) | 23 (65.71) | 8 (72.73) | 0.584 |
CS (%) | 42 (82.35) | 29 (85.29) | 11 (100.00) | 0.323 |
Maternal Age (mean (SD)) | 31.50 (6.43) | 34.68 (5.54) | 31.36 (4.90) | 0.048 |
Start MOM (mean (SD)) | 4.92 (2.54) | 3.67 (1.38) | 3.50 (0.76) | 0.032 |
Length of stay (mean (SD)) | 61.28 (28.82) | 61.18 (20.34) | 69.70 (27.37) | 0.622 |
Average daily weight increment (mean (SD)) | 24.43 (8.45) | 23.52 (5.20) | 23.64 (6.94) | 0.845 |
Start MEF (mean (SD)) | 1.82 (0.93) | 1.79 (1.27) | 1.55 (0.52) | 0.719 |
FEF (mean (SD)) | 17.80 (13.97) | 17.10 (10.07) | 25.45 (22.88) | 0.225 |
(b) | ||||
FM | MOM | p | ||
GA (mean (SD)) | 29.12 (2.75) | 27.93 (2.59) | 0.032 | |
Weight (mean (SD)) | 1142.73 (280.65) | 1034.67 (288.22) | 0.065 | |
Single (%) | 29 (58.00) | 31 (67.39) | 0.460 | |
CS (%) | 42 (82.35) | 40 (88.89) | 0.538 | |
Maternal Age (mean (SD)) | 31.50 (6.43) | 33.87 (5.53) | 0.059 | |
Start MOM (mean (SD)) | 4.92 (2.54) | 3.63 (1.28) | 0.009 | |
Length of stay (mean (SD)) | 61.28 (28.82) | 63.11 (22.08) | 0.733 | |
Average daily weight increment (mean (SD)) | 24.43 (8.45) | 23.55 (5.56) | 0.562 | |
Start MEF (mean (SD)) | 1.82 (0.93) | 1.73 (1.14) | 0.670 | |
FEF (mean (SD)) | 17.80 (13.97) | 19.34 (14.78) | 0.620 |
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Quitadamo, P.A.; Zambianco, F.; Palumbo, G.; Copetti, M.; Gentile, M.A.; Mondelli, A. Trend and Predictors of Breastmilk Feeding among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in NICU and at Discharge. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153314
Quitadamo PA, Zambianco F, Palumbo G, Copetti M, Gentile MA, Mondelli A. Trend and Predictors of Breastmilk Feeding among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in NICU and at Discharge. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153314
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuitadamo, Pasqua Anna, Federica Zambianco, Giuseppina Palumbo, Massimiliano Copetti, Maria Assunta Gentile, and Antonio Mondelli. 2023. "Trend and Predictors of Breastmilk Feeding among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in NICU and at Discharge" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153314