Role of Fluid Milk in Attenuating Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Hypertriglyceridemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Postprandial Metabolism and Acute Vascular Dysfunction
2.1. Hyperglycemia
2.2. Hyperglycemia and Vasculature
2.3. Hypertriglyceridemia
2.4. Hypertriglyceridemia and Vasculature
3. Milk and Dairy
Epidemiological and Prospective Studies on Dairy Intake
4. Dairy and Glycemia
4.1. Dietary Intervention Studies
4.2. Postprandial Intervention Studies
5. Dairy and Lipemia
5.1. Dietary Intervention Studies
5.2. Postprandial Intervention Studies
6. Vascular Function and Dairy
7. Mechanisms of Improvement Induced by Dairy Intake
7.1. Protein
7.2. Fat
7.3. Vitamins and Minerals
8. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Coutinho, M.; Gerstein, H.C.; Wang, Y.; Yusuf, S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999, 22, 233–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bansal, S.; Buring, J.E.; Rifai, N.; Mora, S.; Sacks, F.M.; Ridker, P.M. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007, 298, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nordestgaard, B.G.; Benn, M.; Schnohr, P.; Tybjaerg-Hansen, A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007, 298, 299–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Donahue, R.P.; Abbott, R.D.; Reed, D.M.; Yano, K. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes 1987, 36, 689–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohn, J.S. Postprandial lipemia: Emerging evidence for atherogenicity of remnant lipoproteins. Can. J. Cardiol. 1998, 14 (Suppl. B), 18B–27B. [Google Scholar]
- Patsch, J.R.; Miesenbock, G.; Hopferwieser, T.; Muhlberger, V.; Knapp, E.; Dunn, J.K.; Gotto, A.M., Jr.; Patsch, W. Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1992, 12, 1336–1345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- de Vegt, F.; Dekker, J.M.; Ruhe, H.G.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Nijpels, G.; Bouter, L.M.; Heine, R.J. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: The Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999, 42, 926–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lowe, L.P.; Liu, K.; Greenland, P.; Metzger, B.E.; Dyer, A.R.; Stamler, J. Diabetes, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and 22-year mortality in black and white men. The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klop, B.; Proctor, S.D.; Mamo, J.C.; Botham, K.M.; Castro Cabezas, M. Understanding postprandial inflammation and its relationship to lifestyle behaviour and metabolic diseases. Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2012, 2012, 947417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miller, M.; Stone, N.J.; Ballantyne, C.; Bittner, V.; Criqui, M.H.; Ginsberg, H.N.; Goldberg, A.C.; Howard, W.J.; Jacobson, M.S.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011, 123, 2292–2333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cavalot, F.; Petrelli, A.; Traversa, M.; Bonomo, K.; Fiora, E.; Conti, M.; Anfossi, G.; Costa, G.; Trovati, M. Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J. Clin. Endocrin Metab. 2006, 91, 813–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Steinberg, H.O.; Tarshoby, M.; Monestel, R.; Hook, G.; Cronin, J.; Johnson, A.; Bayazeed, B.; Baron, A.D. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J. Clin. Investig. 1997, 100, 1230–1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, S.B.; Goldfine, A.B.; Timimi, F.K.; Ting, H.H.; Roddy, M.A.; Simonson, D.C.; Creager, M.A. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation 1998, 97, 1695–1701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Choi, H.K.; Willett, W.C.; Stampfer, M.J.; Rimm, E.; Hu, F.B. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: A prospective study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165, 997–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van Dam, R.M.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.C.; Stampfer, M.J.; Hu, F.B. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002, 136, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, S.; Choi, H.K.; Ford, E.; Song, Y.; Klevak, A.; Buring, J.E.; Manson, J.E. A prospective study of dairy intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2006, 29, 1579–1584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira, M.A.; Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Van Horn, L.; Slattery, M.L.; Kartashov, A.I.; Ludwig, D.S. Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: The CARDIA Study. JAMA 2002, 287, 2081–2089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarron, D.A.; Morris, C.D.; Henry, H.J.; Stanton, J.L. Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Science 1984, 224, 1392–1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Post-Skagegard, M.; Vessby, B.; Karlstrom, B. Glucose and insulin responses in healthy women after intake of composite meals containing cod-, milk-, and soy protein. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 60, 949–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmid, A.; Petry, N.; Walther, B.; Butikofer, U.; Luginbuhl, W.; Gille, D.; Chollet, M.; McTernan, P.G.; Gijs, M.A.; Vionnet, N.; et al. Inflammatory and metabolic responses to high-fat meals with and without dairy products in men. Brit. J. Nutr. 2015, 113, 1853–1861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Meijl, L.E.; Mensink, R.P. Effects of milk and milk constituents on postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese men. Brit. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 413–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ostman, E.M.; Liljeberg Elmstahl, H.G.; Bjorck, I.M. Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 96–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeng, G.; Quon, M.J. Insulin-stimulated production of nitric oxide is inhibited by wortmannin. Direct measurement in vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Investig. 1996, 98, 894–898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Scherrer, U.; Randin, D.; Vollenweider, P.; Vollenweider, L.; Nicod, P. Nitric oxide release accounts for insulin’s vascular effects in humans. J. Clin. Investig. 1994, 94, 2511–2515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinberg, H.O.; Brechtel, G.; Johnson, A.; Fineberg, N.; Baron, A.D. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent. A novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release. J. Clin. Investig. 1994, 94, 1172–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laakso, M.; Edelman, S.V.; Brechtel, G.; Baron, A.D. Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle blood flow in obese man. A novel mechanism for insulin resistance. J. Clin. Investig. 1990, 85, 1844–1852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Frid, A.H.; Nilsson, M.; Holst, J.J.; Bjorck, I.M. Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nilsson, M.; Holst, J.J.; Bjorck, I.M. Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: Studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 996–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nilsson, M.; Stenberg, M.; Frid, A.H.; Holst, J.J.; Bjorck, I.M. Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: The role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 1246–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zilversmit, D.B. Atherogenesis—Postprandial Phenomenon. Circulation 1979, 60, 473–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cianflone, K.; Zakarian, R.; Couillard, C.; Delplanque, B.; Despres, J.P.; Sniderman, A. Fasting acylation-stimulating protein is predictive of postprandial triglyceride clearance. J. Lipid Res. 2004, 45, 124–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Garber, A.J.; Cryer, P.E.; Santiago, J.V.; Haymond, M.W.; Pagliara, A.S.; Kipnis, D.M. The role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. J. Clin. Investig. 1976, 58, 7–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Giugliano, D.; Ceriello, A.; Esposito, K. Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 217S–222S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chiasson, J.L.; Josse, R.G.; Gomis, R.; Hanefeld, M.; Karasik, A.; Laakso, M.; Group, S.N.T.R. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: The STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003, 290, 486–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hanefeld, M.; Chiasson, J.L.; Koehler, C.; Henkel, E.; Schaper, F.; Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T. Acarbose slows progression of intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Stroke 2004, 35, 1073–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanefeld, M.; Cagatay, M.; Petrowitsch, T.; Neuser, D.; Petzinna, D.; Rupp, M. Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: Meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. Eur. Heart J. 2004, 25, 10–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diwadkar, V.A.; Anderson, J.W.; Bridges, S.R.; Gowri, M.S.; Oelgten, P.R. Postprandial low-density lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes are oxidized more extensively than fasting diabetes and control samples. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999, 222, 178–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ceriello, A.; Bortolotti, N.; Motz, E.; Pieri, C.; Marra, M.; Tonutti, L.; Lizzio, S.; Feletto, F.; Catone, B.; Taboga, C. Meal-induced oxidative stress and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in diabetes: The possible role of hyperglycemia. Metabolism 1999, 48, 1503–1508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drucker, D.J. The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metabolism 2006, 3, 153–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramirez, A.K.; Dankel, S.; Cai, W.; Sakaguchi, M.; Kasif, S.; Kahn, C.R. Membrane metallo-endopeptidase (Neprilysin) regulates inflammatory response and insulin signaling in white preadipocytes. Mol. Metab. 2019, 22, 21–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giugliano, D.; Marfella, R.; Coppola, L.; Verrazzo, G.; Acampora, R.; Giunta, R.; Nappo, F.; Lucarelli, C.; D’Onofrio, F. Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia in humans are reversed by L-arginine. Evidence for reduced availability of nitric oxide during hyperglycemia. Circulation 1997, 95, 1783–1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.; Wang, L.; Pitzer, A.L.; Li, X.; Li, P.L.; Zhang, Y. Contribution of redox-dependent activation of endothelial Nlrp3 inflammasomes to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 2016, 94, 1335–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shige, H.; Ishikawa, T.; Suzukawa, M.; Ito, T.; Nakajima, K.; Higashi, K.; Ayaori, M.; Tabata, S.; Ohsuzu, F.; Nakamura, H. Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in the postprandial state in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. 1999, 84, 1272–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ceriello, A.; Motz, E. Prevention of vascular events in diabetes mellitus: Which “antithrombotic” therapy? Diabetologia 1996, 39, 1405–1406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ceriello, A.; Falleti, E.; Motz, E.; Taboga, C.; Tonutti, L.; Ezsol, Z.; Gonano, F.; Bartoli, E. Hyperglycemia-induced circulating ICAM-1 increase in diabetes mellitus: The possible role of oxidative stress. Horm. Metab. Res. 1998, 30, 146–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marfella, R.; Esposito, K.; Giunta, R.; Coppola, G.; De Angelis, L.; Farzati, B.; Paolisso, G.; Giugliano, D. Circulating adhesion molecules in humans: Role of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Circulation 2000, 101, 2247–2251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Esposito, K.; Nappo, F.; Marfella, R.; Giugliano, G.; Giugliano, F.; Ciotola, M.; Quagliaro, L.; Ceriello, A.; Giugliano, D. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: Role of oxidative stress. Circulation 2002, 106, 2067–2072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nappo, F.; Esposito, K.; Cioffi, M.; Giugliano, G.; Molinari, A.M.; Paolisso, G.; Marfella, R.; Giugliano, D. Postprandial endothelial activation in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: Role of fat and carbohydrate meals. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39, 1145–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fielding, B.A.; Frayn, K.N. Lipoprotein lipase and the disposition of dietary fatty acids. Brit. J. Nutr. 1998, 80, 495–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Foger, B.; Patsch, J.R. Exercise and postprandial lipaemia. J. Cardiovasc. Risk 1995, 2, 316–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brunzell, J.D.; Hazzard, W.R.; Porte, D., Jr.; Bierman, E.L. Evidence for a common, saturable, triglyceride removal mechanism for chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in man. J. Clin. Investig. 1973, 52, 1578–1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Coppack, S.W.; Fisher, R.M.; Gibbons, G.F.; Humphreys, S.M.; McDonough, M.J.; Potts, J.L.; Frayn, K.N. Postprandial substrate deposition in human forearm and adipose tissues in vivo. Clin. Sci 1990, 79, 339–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, J.C.; Noakes, T.D.; Benade, A.J. Serum triglyceride responses to fatty meals: Effects of meal fat content. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988, 47, 825–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patsch, W.; Esterbauer, H.; Foger, B.; Patsch, J. Postprandial lipemia and coronary risk. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2000, 2, 232–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karpe, F.; Steiner, G.; Uffelman, K.; Olivecrona, T.; Hamsten, A. Postprandial lipoproteins and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1994, 106, 83–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryu, J.E.; Howard, G.; Craven, T.E.; Bond, M.G.; Hagaman, A.P.; Crouse, J.R., 3rd. Postprandial triglyceridemia and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged subjects. Stroke 1992, 23, 823–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boquist, S.; Ruotolo, G.; Tang, R.; Bjorkegren, J.; Bond, M.G.; de Faire, U.; Karpe, F.; Hamsten, A. Alimentary lipemia, postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and common carotid intima-media thickness in healthy, middle-aged men. Circulation 1999, 100, 723–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mora, S.; Rifai, N.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker, P.M. Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events. Circulation 2008, 118, 993–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stampfer, M.J.; Krauss, R.M.; Ma, J.; Blanche, P.J.; Holl, L.G.; Sacks, F.M.; Hennekens, C.H. A Prospective Study of Triglyceride Level, Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Diameter, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA 1996, 276, 882–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Oliveira Otto, M.C.; Mozaffarian, D.; Kromhout, D.; Bertoni, A.G.; Sibley, C.T.; Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Nettleton, J.A. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 397–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Landmesser, U.; Hornig, B.; Drexler, H. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia: Mechanisms, pathophysiological importance, and therapeutic interventions. Semin. Thromb. Hemostas 2000, 26, 529–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laroia, S.T.; Ganti, A.K.; Laroia, A.T.; Tendulkar, K.K. Endothelium and the lipid metabolism: The current understanding. Int. J. Cardiol. 2003, 88, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vogel, R.A.; Corretti, M.C.; Plotnick, G.D. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997, 79, 350–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gokce, N.; Duffy, S.J.; Hunter, L.M.; Keaney, J.F.; Vita, J.A. Acute hypertriglyceridemia is associated with peripheral vasodilation and increased basal flow in healthy young adults. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001, 88, 153–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lundman, P.; Eriksson, M.; Schenck-Gustafsson, K.; Karpe, F.; Tornvall, P. Transient triglyceridemia decreases vascular reactivity in young, healthy men without risk factors for coronary heart disease. Circulation 1997, 96, 3266–3268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marchesi, S.; Lupattelli, G.; Schillaci, G.; Pirro, M.; Siepi, D.; Roscini, A.R.; Pasqualini, L.; Mannarino, E. Impaired flow-mediated vasoactivity during post-prandial phase in young healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2000, 153, 397–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, J.H.; Bassenge, E.; Kim, K.B.; Kim, Y.N.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, H.J.; Moon, K.C.; Lee, M.S.; Park, K.Y.; Schwemmer, M. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia impairs endothelial function by enhanced oxidant stress. Atherosclerosis 2001, 155, 517–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsuura, E.; Kobayashi, K.; Matsunami, Y.; Shen, L.; Quan, N.; Makarova, M.; Suchkov, S.V.; Ayada, K.; Oguma, K.; Lopez, L.R. Autoimmunity, infectious immunity, and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Immunol. 2009, 29, 714–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rice, B.H.; Cifelli, C.J.; Pikosky, M.A.; Miller, G.D. Dairy components and risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome: Recent evidence and opportunities for future research. Adv. Nutr. 2011, 2, 396–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pestoni, G.; Riedl, A.; Breuninger, T.A.; Wawro, N.; Krieger, J.-P.; Meisinger, C.; Rathmann, W.; Thorand, B.; Harris, C.; Peters, A. Association between dietary patterns and prediabetes, undetected diabetes or clinically diagnosed diabetes: Results from the KORA FF4 study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2020, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.; Keogh, J.B.; Clifton, P.M. Differential effects of red meat/refined grain diet and dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet on glucose, insulin and triglyceride in a randomized crossover study. Nutrients 2016, 8, 687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fumeron, F.; Lamri, A.; Abi Khalil, C.; Jaziri, R.; Porchay-Baldérelli, I.; Lantieri, O.; Balkau, B.; Marre, M.; the Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) Study Group. Dairy consumption and the incidence of hyperglycemia and the metabolic syndrome: Results from a French prospective study, Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). Diabetes Care 2011, 34, 813–817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hruby, A.; Ma, J.; Rogers, G.; Meigs, J.B.; Jacques, P.F. Associations of dairy intake with incident prediabetes or diabetes in middle-aged adults vary by both dairy type and glycemic status. J. Nutr. 2017, 147, 1764–1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Elwood, P.C.; Pickering, J.E.; Givens, D.I.; Gallacher, J.E. The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: An overview of the evidence. Lipids 2010, 45, 925–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Elwood, P.C.; Pickering, J.E.; Hughes, J.; Fehily, A.M.; Ness, A.R. Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 58, 718–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, L.Q.; Xu, J.Y.; Han, S.F.; Zhang, Z.L.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Szeto, I.M. Dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: An updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 24, 90–100. [Google Scholar]
- Mennen, L.I.; Lafay, I.; Feskens, E.J.M.; Novak, M.; Lepinay, P.; Balkau, B. Possible Protective Effect of Bread and Dairy Products on the Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome. Nut Res. 2000, 20, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hjerpsted, J.; Leedo, E.; Tholstrup, T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 94, 1479–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van Meijl, L.E.; Mensink, R.P. Low-fat dairy consumption reduces systolic blood pressure, but does not improve other metabolic risk parameters in overweight and obese subjects. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2011, 21, 355–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drouin-Chartier, J.P.; Gagnon, J.; Labonte, M.E.; Desroches, S.; Charest, A.; Grenier, G.; Dodin, S.; Lemieux, S.; Couture, P.; Lamarche, B. Impact of milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Nutr. J. 2015, 14, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Machin, D.R.; Park, W.; Alkatan, M.; Mouton, M.; Tanaka, H. Hypotensive effects of solitary addition of conventional nonfat dairy products to the routine diet: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 80–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Panahi, S.; El Khoury, D.; Kubant, R.; Akhavan, T.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Goff, H.D.; Anderson, G.H. Mechanism of action of whole milk and its components on glycemic control in healthy young men. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 1124–1131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Panahi, S.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Liu, T.T.; Akhavan, T.; El Khoury, D.; Goff, H.D.; Anderson, G.H. Energy and macronutrient content of familiar beverages interact with pre-meal intervals to determine later food intake, appetite and glycemic response in young adults. Appetite 2013, 60, 154–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Panahi, S.; El Khoury, D.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Goff, H.D.; Anderson, G.H. Caloric beverages consumed freely at meal-time add calories to an ad libitum meal. Appetite 2013, 65, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petersen, B.L.; Ward, L.S.; Bastian, E.D.; Jenkins, A.L.; Campbell, J.; Vuksan, V. A whey protein supplement decreases post-prandial glycemia. Nutr. J. 2009, 8, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhavan, T.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Brown, P.H.; Cho, C.E.; Anderson, G.H. Effect of premeal consumption of whey protein and its hydrolysate on food intake and postmeal glycemia and insulin responses in young adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 966–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manders, R.J.; Hansen, D.; Zorenc, A.H.; Dendale, P.; Kloek, J.; Saris, W.H.; van Loon, L.J. Protein co-ingestion strongly increases postprandial insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes patients. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 758–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakubowicz, D.; Froy, O.; Ahren, B.; Boaz, M.; Landau, Z.; Bar-Dayan, Y.; Ganz, T.; Barnea, M.; Wainstein, J. Incretin, insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of whey protein pre-load in type 2 diabetes: A randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia 2014, 57, 1807–1811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gribble, F.M.; Manley, S.E.; Levy, J.C. Randomized dose ranging study of the reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes by nateglinide (A-4166). Diabetes Care 2001, 24, 1221–1225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- El Khoury, D.; Brown, P.; Smith, G.; Berengut, S.; Panahi, S.; Kubant, R.; Anderson, G.H. Increasing the protein to carbohydrate ratio in yogurts consumed as a snack reduces post-consumption glycemia independent of insulin. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 33, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfeuffer, M.; Schrezenmeir, J. Bioactive substances in milk with properties decreasing risk of cardiovascular diseases. Br. J. Nutr. 2000, 84 (Suppl. 1), S155–S159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Biong, A.S.; Muller, H.; Seljeflot, I.; Veierod, M.B.; Pedersen, J.I. A comparison of the effects of cheese and butter on serum lipids, haemostatic variables and homocysteine. Brit. J. Nutr. 2004, 92, 791–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poppitt, S.D.; Keogh, G.F.; Mulvey, T.B.; McArdle, B.H.; MacGibbon, A.K.; Cooper, G.J. Lipid-lowering effects of a modified butter-fat: A controlled intervention trial in healthy men. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 64–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sjogren, P.; Rosell, M.; Skoglund-Andersson, C.; Zdravkovic, S.; Vessby, B.; de Faire, U.; Hamsten, A.; Hellenius, M.L.; Fisher, R.M. Milk-derived fatty acids are associated with a more favorable LDL particle size distribution in healthy men. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 1729–1735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Samara, A.; Herbeth, B.; Ndiaye, N.C.; Fumeron, F.; Billod, S.; Siest, G.; Visvikis-Siest, S. Dairy product consumption, calcium intakes, and metabolic syndrome-related factors over 5 years in the STANISLAS study. Nutrition 2013, 29, 519–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pal, S.; Ellis, V.; Dhaliwal, S. Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104, 716–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gouni-Berthold, I.; Schulte, D.M.; Krone, W.; Lapointe, J.F.; Lemieux, P.; Predel, H.G.; Berthold, H.K. The whey fermentation product malleable protein matrix decreases TAG concentrations in patients with the metabolic syndrome: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Brit. J. Nutr. 2012, 107, 1694–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Claessens, M.; van Baak, M.A.; Monsheimer, S.; Saris, W.H. The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2009, 33, 296–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoshizawa, M.; Maeda, S.; Miyaki, A.; Misono, M.; Choi, Y.; Shimojo, N.; Ajisaka, R.; Tanaka, H. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides and aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 297, H1899–H1903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leary, M.P.; Lim, J.; Park, W.; Ferrari, R.; Eaves, J.; Roy, S.J.; Machin, D.R.; Tanaka, H. Non-fat milk attenuates acute hypertriglyceridemia in obese individuals who consume a high fat diet: A randomized control trial. J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab. 2018, 12, 8–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pal, S.; Ellis, V.; Ho, S. Acute effects of whey protein isolate on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight, post-menopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2010, 212, 339–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holmer-Jensen, J.; Hartvigsen, M.L.; Mortensen, L.S.; Astrup, A.; de Vrese, M.; Holst, J.J.; Thomsen, C.; Hermansen, K. Acute differential effects of milk-derived dietary proteins on postprandial lipaemia in obese non-diabetic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bohl, M.; Bjornshave, A.; Rasmussen, K.V.; Schioldan, A.G.; Amer, B.; Larsen, M.K.; Dalsgaard, T.K.; Holst, J.J.; Herrmann, A.; O’Neill, S.; et al. Dairy proteins, dairy lipids, and postprandial lipemia in persons with abdominal obesity (DairyHealth): A 12-wk, randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blinded, diet intervention study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 870–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yau, J.W.; Thor, S.M.; Ramadas, A. Nutritional Strategies in Prediabetes: A Scoping Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marcone, S.; Belton, O.; Fitzgerald, D.J. Milk-derived bioactive peptides and their health promoting effects: A potential role in atherosclerosis. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2017, 83, 152–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Suetsuna, K.; Ukeda, H.; Ochi, H. Isolation and characterization of free radical scavenging activities peptides derived from casein. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2000, 11, 128–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiat, A.-M.; Levy-Toledano, S.; Caen, J.P.; Jollès, P. Biologically active peptides of casein and lactotransferrin implicated in platelet function. J. Dairy Res. 1989, 56, 351–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FitzGerald, R.J.; Murray, B.A.; Walsh, D.J. Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 980S–988S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoshizawa, M.; Maeda, S.; Miyaki, A.; Misono, M.; Choi, Y.; Shimojo, N.; Ajisaka, R.; Tanaka, H. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides intake with regular exercise on endothelium-dependent dilatation in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Hypertens. 2010, 23, 368–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Petyaev, I.M.; Dovgalevsky, P.Y.; Klochkov, V.A.; Chalyk, N.E.; Kyle, N. Whey protein lycosome formulation improves vascular functions and plasma lipids with reduction of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in prehypertension. Sci. World J. 2012, 2012, 269476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Figueroa, A.; Wong, A.; Kinsey, A.; Kalfon, R.; Eddy, W.; Ormsbee, M.J. Effects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressure. Am. J. Hypertens. 2014, 27, 338–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Machin, D.; Park, W.; Alkatan, M.; Mouton, M.; Tanaka, H. Effects of non-fat dairy products added to the routine diet on vascular function: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasuc. Dis. 2015, 25, 364–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roy, S.; Lapierre, S.; Baker, B.; Delfausse, L.; Machin, D.; Tanaka, H. High dietary intake of whole milk and full-fat dairy products does not exert hypotensive effects in adults with elevated blood pressure. Nutr. Res. 2019, 64, 72–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roy, S.J.; Fico, B.G.; Baker, B.D.; Lapierre, S.S.; Shah, J.A.; Gourley, D.D.; Delfausse, L.A.; Tanaka, H. Effects of full-fat dairy products on subclinical vascular function in adults with elevated blood pressure: A randomized clinical trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 74, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonald, J.D.; Mah, E.; Chitchumroonchokchai, C.; Dey, P.; Labyk, A.N.; Villamena, F.A.; Volek, J.S.; Bruno, R.S. Dairy milk proteins attenuate hyperglycemia-induced impairments in vascular endothelial function in adults with prediabetes by limiting increases in glycemia and oxidative stress that reduce nitric oxide bioavailability. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2019, 63, 165–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mariotti, F.; Bos, C.; Huneau, J.F. When the effect of dairy “protein” on weight gain cannot be solely ascribed to protein. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, 18, 863, author reply 863–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turpeinen, A.; Kautiainen, H.; Tikkanen, M.L.; Sibakov, T.; Tossavainen, O.; Myllyluoma, E. Mild protein hydrolysation of lactose-free milk further reduces milk-related gastrointestinal symptoms. J. Dairy Res. 2016, 83, 256–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nitenberg, A.; Cosson, E.; Pham, I. Postprandial endothelial dysfunction: Role of glucose, lipids and insulin. Diabetes Metab. 2006, 32, 2S28-33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballard, K.D.; Kupchak, B.R.; Volk, B.M.; Mah, E.; Shkreta, A.; Liptak, C.; Ptolemy, A.S.; Kellogg, M.S.; Bruno, R.S.; Seip, R.L.; et al. Acute effects of ingestion of a novel whey-derived extract on vascular endothelial function in overweight, middle-aged men and women. Brit. J. Nutr. 2013, 109, 882–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ballard, K.D.; Mah, E.; Guo, Y.; Pei, R.; Volek, J.S.; Bruno, R.S. Low-fat milk ingestion prevents postprandial hyperglycemia-mediated impairments in vascular endothelial function in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. 2013, 143, 1602–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proietto, J.; Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F.; Ionescu, E.; Terrettaz, J.; Sauter, J.F.; Jeanrenaud, B. Non-steady-state measurement of glucose turnover in rats by using a one-compartment model. Am. J. Physiol. 1987, 252 Pt 1, E77–E84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gillespie, A.L.; Green, B.D. The bioactive effects of casein proteins on enteroendocrine cell health, proliferation and incretin hormone secretion. Food Chem. 2016, 211, 148–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adams, R.L.; Broughton, K.S. Insulinotropic Effects of Whey: Mechanisms of Action, Recent Clinical Trials, and Clinical Applications. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 69, 56–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sartorius, T.; Weidner, A.; Dharsono, T.; Boulier, A.; Wilhelm, M.; Schön, C. Postprandial Effects of a Proprietary Milk Protein Hydrolysate Containing Bioactive Peptides in Prediabetic Subjects. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Calbet, J.A.; MacLean, D.A. Plasma glucagon and insulin responses depend on the rate of appearance of amino acids after ingestion of different protein solutions in humans. J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 2174–2182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Morifuji, M.; Ishizaka, M.; Baba, S.; Fukuda, K.; Matsumoto, H.; Koga, J.; Kanegae, M.; Higuchi, M. Comparison of different sources and degrees of hydrolysis of dietary protein: Effect on plasma amino acids, dipeptides, and insulin responses in human subjects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 8788–8797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pal, S.; Ellis, V. The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men. Brit. J. Nutr. 2010, 104, 1241–1248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akhavan, T.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Panahi, S.; Kubant, R.; Brown, P.H.; Anderson, G.H. Mechanism of action of pre-meal consumption of whey protein on glycemic control in young adults. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acheson, K.J.; Blondel-Lubrano, A.; Oguey-Araymon, S.; Beaumont, M.; Emady-Azar, S.; Ammon-Zufferey, C.; Monnard, I.; Pinaud, S.; Nielsen-Moennoz, C.; Bovetto, L. Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 525–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, W.; Millward, D.; Long, S.; Morgan, L. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Brit. J. Nutr. 2003, 89, 239–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veldhorst, M.A.; Nieuwenhuizen, A.G.; Hochstenbach-Waelen, A.; van Vught, A.J.; Westerterp, K.R.; Engelen, M.P.; Brummer, R.-J.M.; Deutz, N.E.; Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 96, 675–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olivos, D.R.; McGrath, L.E.; Turner, C.A.; Montaubin, O.; Mietlicki-Baase, E.G.; Hayes, M.R. Intraduodenal milk protein concentrate augments the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of DPP-IV inhibition. Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Compar. Physiol. 2014, 306, R157–R163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jonker, J.; Wijngaarden, M.; Kloek, J.; Groeneveld, Y.; Gerhardt, C.; Brand, R.; Kies, A.; Romijn, J.; Smit, J. Effects of low doses of casein hydrolysate on post-challenge glucose and insulin levels. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2011, 22, 245–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brader, L.; Holm, L.; Mortensen, L.; Thomsen, C.; Astrup, A.; Holst, J.J.; de Vrese, M.; Schrezenmeir, J.; Hermansen, K. Acute effects of casein on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in type 2 diabetic subjects. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010, 20, 101–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calbet, J.A.; Holst, J.J. Gastric emptying, gastric secretion and enterogastrone response after administration of milk proteins or their peptide hydrolysates in humans. Eur. J. Nutr. 2004, 43, 127–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bjørnshave, A.; Holst, J.J.; Hermansen, K. Pre-Meal Effect of Whey Proteins on Metabolic Parameters in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2018, 10, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Holmer-Jensen, J.; Mortensen, L.S.; Astrup, A.; de Vrese, M.; Holst, J.J.; Thomsen, C.; Hermansen, K. Acute differential effects of dietary protein quality on postprandial lipemia in obese non-diabetic subjects. Nutr. Res. 2013, 33, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mortensen, L.S.; Hartvigsen, M.L.; Brader, L.J.; Astrup, A.; Schrezenmeir, J.; Holst, J.J.; Thomsen, C.; Hermansen, K. Differential effects of protein quality on postprandial lipemia in response to a fat-rich meal in type 2 diabetes: Comparison of whey, casein, gluten, and cod protein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bjørnshave, A.; Hermansen, K. Effects of dairy protein and fat on the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 2014, 11, 153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leary, M.P.; Roy, S.J.; Lim, J.; Park, W.; Ferrari, R.; Eaves, J.; Machin, D.R.; Tanaka, H. Nonfat milk attenuates acute hyperglycemia in individuals with android obesity: A randomized control trial. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 6, 2104–2112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drehmer, M.; Pereira, M.A.; Schmidt, M.I.; Del Carmen, B.M.M.; Alvim, S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Duncan, B.B. Associations of dairy intake with glycemia and insulinemia, independent of obesity, in Brazilian adults: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 775–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Forouhi, N.G.; Koulman, A.; Sharp, S.J.; Imamura, F.; Kroger, J.; Schulze, M.B.; Crowe, F.L.; Huerta, J.M.; Guevara, M.; Beulens, J.W.; et al. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014, 2, 810–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pittas, A.G.; Lau, J.; Hu, F.B.; Dawson-Hughes, B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92, 2017–2029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dairy Research Institute. NHANES (2003–2006). Ages 2+ years. Data source: CDC, N.C. f. H. S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hyattsville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, [2003–2004; 2005–2006]; 2010 [cited 2011 May 4]. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm (accessed on 11 December 2020).
- Martini, L.A.; Wood, R.J. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Rev. 2006, 64, 479–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muldowney, S.; Kiely, M. Vitamin D and cardiometabolic health: A review of the evidence. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2011, 24, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parker, J.; Hashmi, O.; Dutton, D.; Mavrodaris, A.; Stranges, S.; Kandala, N.B.; Clarke, A.; Franco, O.H. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2010, 65, 225–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, M.C.; Santos, L.M.; Santos, S.M.; Araujo Mda, P.; Lima, A.M.; Santana, L.A. Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3--the Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency. Cad. Saude Publica 2007, 23, 2081–2093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Borissova, A.M.; Tankova, T.; Kirilov, G.; Dakovska, L.; Kovacheva, R. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2003, 57, 258–261. [Google Scholar]
- Nagpal, J.; Pande, J.N.; Bhartia, A. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Diabet. Med. 2009, 26, 19–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Hurst, P.R.; Stonehouse, W.; Coad, J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient—A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Brit. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 549–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Denke, M.A.; Fox, M.M.; Schulte, M.C. Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal saturated fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J. Nutr. 1993, 123, 1047–1053. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Major, G.C.; Alarie, F.; Dore, J.; Phouttama, S.; Tremblay, A. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 54–59. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Reid, I.R.; Mason, B.; Horne, A.; Ames, R.; Clearwater, J.; Bava, U.; Orr-Walker, B.; Wu, F.; Evans, M.C.; Gamble, G.D. Effects of calcium supplementation on serum lipid concentrations in normal older women: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Med. 2002, 112, 343–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drenick, E.J. The influence of ingestion of calcium and other soap-forming substances on fecal fat. Gastroenterology 1961, 41, 242–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Govers, M.J.; Termont, D.S.; Lapre, J.A.; Kleibeuker, J.H.; Vonk, R.J.; Van der Meer, R. Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humans. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3270–3275. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- He, K.; Liu, K.; Daviglus, M.L.; Morris, S.J.; Loria, C.M.; Van Horn, L.; Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Savage, P.J. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 2006, 113, 1675–1682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kao, W.H.; Folsom, A.R.; Nieto, F.J.; Mo, J.P.; Watson, R.L.; Brancati, F.L. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999, 159, 2151–2159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.; Ridker, P.M.; Manson, J.E.; Cook, N.R.; Buring, J.E.; Liu, S. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 1438–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paolisso, G.; Scheen, A.; Cozzolino, D.; Di Maro, G.; Varricchio, M.; D’Onofrio, F.; Lefebvre, P.J. Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 1994, 78, 1510–1514. [Google Scholar]
- Song, Y.; He, K.; Levitan, E.; Manson, J.; Liu, S. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet. Med. 2006, 23, 1050–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morais, J.B.S.; Severo, J.S.; de Alencar, G.R.R.; de Oliveira, A.R.S.; Cruz, K.J.C.; Marreiro, D.D.N.; Freitas, B.J.E.S.; de Carvalho, C.M.R.; Martins, M.D.C.C.; Frota, K.M.G. Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review. Nutrition 2017, 38, 54–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rasmussen, H.S.; Aurup, P.; Goldstein, K.; McNair, P.; Mortensen, P.B.; Larsen, O.G.; Lawaetz, H. Influence of magnesium substitution therapy on blood lipid composition in patients with ischemic heart disease. A double-blind, placebo controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989, 149, 1050–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, R.B.; Rastogi, S.S.; Mani, U.V.; Seth, J.; Devi, L. Does dietary magnesium modulate blood lipids? Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1991, 30, 59–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, R.B.; Rastogi, S.S.; Sharma, V.K.; Saharia, R.B.; Kulshretha, S.K. Can dietary magnesium modulate lipoprotein metabolism? Magnes. Trace Elem. 1990, 9, 255–264. [Google Scholar]
- Belin, R.J.; He, K. Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Magnes. Res. 2007, 20, 107–129. [Google Scholar]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Leary, M.; Tanaka, H. Role of Fluid Milk in Attenuating Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123806
Leary M, Tanaka H. Role of Fluid Milk in Attenuating Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123806
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeary, Miriam, and Hirofumi Tanaka. 2020. "Role of Fluid Milk in Attenuating Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Hypertriglyceridemia" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123806