Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Line and Culture Condition
2.3. Bacterial Strain and H. pylori Infection
2.4. Experimental Protocol
2.5. Preparation of Cell Extracts
2.6. Real-Time PCR Analysis for IL-8
2.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IL-8
2.8. Measurement of Intracellular and Mitochondrial ROS Levels
2.9. Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and ATP Level
2.10. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
2.11. Western Blot Analysis for IκBα, PPAR-γ, and Catalase
2.12. Determination of NADPH Oxidase and Catalase Activities
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Astaxanthin Reduces ROS Levels and Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction in H. pylori-Infected AGS Cells
3.2. Astaxanthin Inhibits NF-κB Activation and IL-8 Expression in H. pylori-Infected AGS Cells
3.3. NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Apocynin Reduces ROS Levels and Inhibits IL-8 Gene Expression, but Astaxanthin Does Not Affect NADPH Oxidase in H. pylori-Infected AGS Cells
3.4. Astaxanthin Induces Expression and Activation of PPAR-γ and Catalase in H. pylori—Infected AGS Cells
3.5. PPAR-γ Antagonist Abolishes the Inhibitory Effect of Astaxanthin on Elevated ROS Levels and IL-8 Gene Expression in H. pylori—Infected AGS Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kim, S.H.; Lim, J.W.; Kim, H. Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091320
Kim SH, Lim JW, Kim H. Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients. 2018; 10(9):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091320
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Suhn Hyung, Joo Weon Lim, and Hyeyoung Kim. 2018. "Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells" Nutrients 10, no. 9: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091320
APA StyleKim, S. H., Lim, J. W., & Kim, H. (2018). Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients, 10(9), 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091320