Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Subjects
2.2. Data and Sample Collection
2.3. Serum Retinol and Carotenoid Extraction and Analys
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Serum Retinol and Carotenoid Concentrations
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value (mean ± SD) |
---|---|
Age, year | 9.3 ± 1.48 |
Height, cm | 129.1 ± 12.4 |
Weight, kg | 24.8 ± 5.37 |
Height-for-age z-score | −0.73 ± 1.25 |
Weight-for-age z-score | −1.16 ± 1.01 |
BMI-for-age z-score | −1.24 ± 1.05 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 122.4 ± 10.9 |
Positive malaria blood smear, % (average parasitemia) | 39.5 (1655 parasites) |
Country | Age Years | n | Retinol µmol/L | β-Carotene µmol/L | α-Carotene µmol/L | β-Cryptoxanthin µmol/L | Lutein µmol/L | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso | 7–12 | 193 | 0.80 ± 0.35 | 0.12 ± 0.21 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | Present study |
(range) | (0.17–1.92) | (0.004–2.15) | (0–0.4) | (0–0.3) | (0–0.2) | |||
Zambia | 5–7 | 123 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.10 | 0.86 | Mondloch et al. [16] |
Senegal | 2–4 | 281 | - | 0.16 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.46 | Rankins et al. [19] |
India | 2–11 | 50 | 1.10 | 0.31 | 0.035 | 0.12 | 0.42 | Das et al. [20] |
Philippines | 9–12 | 27 | 0.87 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.23 | Ribaya-Mercado et al. [21] |
USA | 6–7 | 839 | - | 0.34 | 0.075 | 0.21 | 0.34 a | Ford et al. [22] |
Characteristic | Normal Diet a | Added Green Leafy Vegetables b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | 6–9 years | ≥10 years | 6–9 years | ≥10 years |
Number of meals/day | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Amount of sauce ingested/day (g) | 184 | 254 | 184 | 254 |
Mean retinol activity equivalents (μg RAE/100 g) | 36 | 36 | 55 | 55 |
Mean intakes of retinol activity (μg RAE/day) | 66 | 91 | 101 | 140 |
Estimated average requirements [25] (μg RAE/day) | ||||
Boys (6–13 years) | 275–445 | 445 | 275–445 | 445 |
Girls (6–13 years) | 275–420 | 420 | 275–420 | 420 |
Recommended Daily Allowance [25] (g RAE/day) | 400–600 | 600 | 400–600 | 600 |
% of estimated average requirements met/day for boys and girls aged 6–13 years | 15–24 | 20–22 | 23–37 | 31–33 |
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Bationo, J.F.; Zeba, A.N.; Abbeddou, S.; Coulibaly, N.D.; Sombier, O.O.; Sheftel, J.; Bassole, I.H.N.; Barro, N.; Ouedraogo, J.B.; Tanumihardjo, S.A. Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101422
Bationo JF, Zeba AN, Abbeddou S, Coulibaly ND, Sombier OO, Sheftel J, Bassole IHN, Barro N, Ouedraogo JB, Tanumihardjo SA. Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101422
Chicago/Turabian StyleBationo, Jean Fidèle, Augustin N. Zeba, Souheila Abbeddou, Nadine D. Coulibaly, Olivier O. Sombier, Jesse Sheftel, Imael Henri Nestor Bassole, Nicolas Barro, Jean Bosco Ouedraogo, and Sherry A. Tanumihardjo. 2018. "Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101422