Application of the GPM-IMERG Products in Flash Flood Warning: A Case Study in Yunnan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Satellite Data
2.2.2. Ground Observation Precipitation Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. RTI Method
2.3.2. Evaluation Metrics
2.3.3. Systematic or Random Error
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Precipitation
3.2. Evaluation of IMERG-E and IMERG-F
3.3. Applicability Analysis of IMERG in Flash Flood Warning
4. Conclusions
- (i)
- Flash flood warning aspects are integrated, for the first time, with satellite precipitation to account for the applicability of satellite data in flash flood warnings. The result shows that the early warning effect of IMERG-F products is better at the 1 h and 3 h scale than that at the daily scale;
- (ii)
- the study area has not been documented in previous studies. Yunnan Province is characterized by a low latitude but high altitude where satellite precipitation exhibited some new characteristics, including that precipitation in Yunnan Province has increased from northeast to southwest, where the largest precipitation occurred in the flood-prone area in the southwest part;
- (iii)
- this study reveals some interesting phenomena that were not reported in related research [32]. For example, the systematic error of IMERG-E is mainly distributed in areas with high altitudes and low precipitation, and the random error is mainly distributed in areas with low altitudes and high precipitation. The most important thing is that as for the same satellite rainfall product, the flash flood disaster events that can be captured decreases with time. For different satellite rainfall products, the flash flood events captured by the IMERG-E products are significantly lower than IMERG-F. Meanwhile, the capture rate of each period is less than 50%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Acronyms | Full Name |
---|---|
NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
NWS | National Weather Service |
DEM | Digital Elevation Model |
GEO | Geostationary Earth Orbit |
PMW | Passive Microwave |
CMORPH | Climate Prediction Center morphing |
IMERG | Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement |
TRMM | Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission |
IMERG-E | IMERG Early run product |
IMERG-F | IMERG Final run product |
PRT | Post-real-time |
NRT | Near-real-time |
GPM | Global Precipitation Measurement |
TMPA | TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis |
FFG | Flash Flood Guidance |
RTI | Rainfall Triggering Index |
SWI | Soil Water Index |
CC | Correlation Coefficient |
RMSE | Root Mean Square Error |
BIAS | Relative Bias |
POD | Probability of Detection |
FAR | False Alarm Ratio |
CSI | Critical Success Index |
CMA | Regional hourly precipitation integration products of the China Meteorological Administration |
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IMERG-E | IMERG-L | IMERG-F | |
---|---|---|---|
Spatiotemporal resolution | 0.1°, 0.5 h | 0.1°, 0.5 h | 0.1°, 0.5 h |
Lag time | 6 h | 18 h | 4 Month |
Monitoring range | 90° N~90° S | 90° N~90° S | 90° N~90° S |
Data period | Mar. 2015–Dec. 2018 | Mar. 2015–Dec. 2018 | Mar. 2015–Dec. 2018 |
Diagnostic Statistics | Equation | Optimum Value | Value Ranges | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 1 | (−1,1) | - | |
RMSE | 0 | (0, Inf) | mm | |
BIAS | 0 | (−Inf, Inf) | % | |
POD | 1 | (0,1) | - | |
FAR | 0 | (0,1) | - | |
CSI | 1 | (0,1) | - |
Timescale | Product | CC | RMSE (mm) | BIAS (%) | POD | FAR | CSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly | IMERG-E | 0.41 | 1.1 | −0.69 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.27 |
IMERG-F | 0.46 | 0.97 | 23.33 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.29 | |
Daily | IMERG-E | 0.63 | 7.59 | −1.18 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.45 |
IMERG-F | 0.73 | 5.74 | 28.24 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.48 |
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Ma, M.; Wang, H.; Jia, P.; Tang, G.; Wang, D.; Ma, Z.; Yan, H. Application of the GPM-IMERG Products in Flash Flood Warning: A Case Study in Yunnan, China. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121954
Ma M, Wang H, Jia P, Tang G, Wang D, Ma Z, Yan H. Application of the GPM-IMERG Products in Flash Flood Warning: A Case Study in Yunnan, China. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121954
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Meihong, Huixiao Wang, Pengfei Jia, Guoqiang Tang, Dacheng Wang, Ziqiang Ma, and Haiming Yan. 2020. "Application of the GPM-IMERG Products in Flash Flood Warning: A Case Study in Yunnan, China" Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121954