Identifying the Potential for Climate Compatible Development Efforts and the Missing Links
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey
2.1.1. Study Population
2.1.2. Survey Contents and Implementation
2.2. Identifying Potential Climate Compatible Development Efforts and Missing Links
2.3. Regression Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Policy Actions, Potential Climate Compatible Development, and Missing Links
3.2. Logistic Regression Analyses
3.2.1. Potential Climate Compatible Development Efforts
3.2.2. Missing Links
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ellis et al. [25] Drivers and Challenges | Associated Variable 1 |
---|---|
Driver: A recognized need to adapt to climate change in order to bolster resilience, achieve growth and reduce poverty | Water Footprint: Comparison of area of city composed of water versus land (2010 Census) |
Driver: A need for energy security and natural resource efficiency | Budget: Ratio of city revenue versus expenditures for years 2005–2010 (City Budgets) |
Driver: A desire to capitalize on new economic opportunities | Poverty Rate: Poverty rate in the city (2005–2010 American Community Survey estimates) |
Driver: A desire to access climate finance and aid | Intergovernmental Funds: % of city revenue composed of intergovernmental funds 2005–2010 (City Budgets) |
Driver: Strong government leadership | Entrepreneur: A policy entrepreneur associated with sustainability or climate change (survey) |
Challenge: Costs associated with change | Debt Burden: % of city expenditures composed of existing debt payments 2005–2010 (City Budgets) |
Challenge: Interest groups opposed to change | Political Conditions: % of vote Barack Obama received versus Mitt Romney in the city in the 2012 election (Secretary of State databases) |
Challenge: A lack of awareness or trusted information | Bachelor's Attainment: 4-year college degree attainment rate of city population (2005–2010 American Community Survey) |
Challenge: Short-termism | Real Estate Sector: Percentage of population employed in real estate sector (2005–2010 American Community Survey) |
Challenge: A lack of state capacity to respond to and implement strategies | Council-Manager: Binary—does city have a city-manager form of government (1) or not (0) (City websites) |
Challenge: Institutional Constraints | Environmental Department: Binary—does city have a department or commission dedicated for environmental work (City websites) |
Policy Actions 1 | Potential | Missing Links | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate Compatible Development | Econ. Develop. | Sustain. | Mitig. | Adapt. | |
Measures to increase pedestrian transportation | 13 | 4 | 17 | 4 | 12 |
Enhanced parks | 10 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
Enhanced public transportation options | 9 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 |
Promoted reuse of brownfields | 7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
Altered wastewater management | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 9 |
Increased tree canopy | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Reduced energy use | 6 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 8 |
Developed alternative energy on buildings | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Made changes to fleet vehicles | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Altered stormwater management | 5 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 9 |
Increased building efficiency | 4 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 8 |
Developed alternative energy | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Altered emergency management strategy | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
Altered building codes | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Promoted greater development density | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Developed water recycling or reuse | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Total | 90 | 62 | 79 | 33 | 83 |
Variable | Coeff. 1 | SE |
---|---|---|
Intercept | −7.914 * | 4.634 |
Water Footprint | 4.103 *** | 1.581 |
Budget | 1.018 | 4.083 |
Poverty Rate | 0.051 | 0.033 |
Intergovernmental Funds | 0.023 | 0.038 |
Entrepreneur | 1.954 ** | 0.836 |
Debt Burden | −0.171 ** | 0.076 |
Political Conditions | 0.008 | 0.012 |
Bachelor’s Attainment | 0.050 ** | 0.021 |
Real Estate Sector | 0.503 | 0.338 |
Council-manager | −0.929 | 0.670 |
Environmental Department | 1.515 ** | 0.639 |
Population | −0.039 | 0.143 |
Illinois (Reference) | ||
Indiana | 1.403 | 1.159 |
Michigan | 1.263 | 0.971 |
Minnesota | 0.367 | 1.277 |
New York | 1.614 | 1.136 |
Ohio | 0.212 | 0.999 |
Pennsylvania | 2.458 * | 1.310 |
Wisconsin | −4.390 | 24.596 |
Variable | Econ. Develop. | Sustain. | Climate Change | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. 1 | SE | Coeff. | SE | Coeff. | SE | |
Intercept | 0.956 | 5.968 | 0.353 | 4.046 | −8.351 ** | 3.638 |
Water Footprint | 3.212 | 1.983 | 1.018 | 2.275 | 1.032 | 1.649 |
Budget | −3.183 | 5.720 | −3.366 | 3.887 | 5.368 * | 3.037 |
Poverty Rate | 0.066 | 0.047 | −0.021 | 0.047 | 0.010 | 0.036 |
Intergovernmental Funds | −0.040 | 0.059 | 0.008 | 0.038 | −0.082 ** | 0.042 |
Entrepreneur | 18.137 | 2590.465 | 0.506 | 0.608 | 0.184 | 0.480 |
Debt Burden | −0.056 | 0.067 | 0.025 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.037 |
Political Conditions | −0.009 | 0.016 | −0.003 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.010 |
Bachelor’s Attainment | 0.059 ** | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.003 | 0.020 |
Real Estate Sector | −0.546 | 0.827 | 0.713 | 0.440 | 0.079 | 0.472 |
Council-manager | −0.794 | 0.882 | 0.723 | 0.766 | 0.429 | 0.585 |
Environmental Department | 1.872 ** | 0.803 | 0.716 | 0.783 | 0.555 | 0.572 |
Population | 0.167 | 0.201 | 0.087 | 0.152 | 0.251 * | 0.134 |
Illinois | −0.922 | 2.072 | −0.450 | 1.463 | 2.564 * | 1.340 |
Indiana | 0.966 | 1.725 | 2.220 | 1.395 | 1.539 | 1.520 |
Michigan | −0.675 | 1.791 | 0.133 | 1.232 | 1.178 | 1.335 |
Minnesota | −0.477 | 1.868 | −0.899 | 1.211 | 0.995 | 1.297 |
New York | 0.208 | 1.796 | 1.451 | 1.369 | −16.567 | 8763.916 |
Ohio | −0.142 | 1.598 | −1.010 | 1.411 | 1.867 | 1.248 |
Pennsylvania | −17.862 | 0.000 | 2.536 * | 1.365 | −16.882 | 9086.143 |
Wisconsin (Reference) |
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Kalafatis, S.E. Identifying the Potential for Climate Compatible Development Efforts and the Missing Links. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091642
Kalafatis SE. Identifying the Potential for Climate Compatible Development Efforts and the Missing Links. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091642
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalafatis, Scott E. 2017. "Identifying the Potential for Climate Compatible Development Efforts and the Missing Links" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091642