Sulfate Radical Technologies as Tertiary Treatment for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sulfate Radicals for the Treatment of Wastewater
3. Ferrous Activation Systems
4. Non-Ferrous Activation Systems
5. Non-Metal Carbon Catalysts
6. Graphenes as Activation Medium for PMS
7. Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes Based on Sulfate Radicals
8. Conclusions and Implications for Future Applications
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AOP | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Fenton’s Reaction |
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TiO2 catalyzed UV oxidation |
|
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H2O2/O3 |
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O3/UV |
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H2O2/UV |
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Sonication |
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Targeted Compound | k SR | k HR | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Sulfamethoxazole | 54.12 ± 0.1 × 10−2 min−1 | 3.12 ± 0.02 × 10−2 min−1 | [12] |
Bifenthrin | 28.65 ± 0.06 × 10−2 min−1 | 1.65 ± 0.08 × 10−2 min−1 | |
Mesotrione | 21.32 ± 0.08 × 10−2 min−1 | 1.45 ± 0.07 × 10−2 min−1 | |
Carbamazepine | 18.69 ± 0.03 × 10−2 min−1 | 2.96 ± 0.01 × 10−2 min−1 | |
Diclofenac | 58.19 ± 0.4 × 10−2 min−1 | 3.65 ± 0.06 × 10−2 min−1 | |
Clothianidin | 29.54 ± 0.1 × 10−2 min−1 | 1.20 ± 0.09 × 10−2 min−1 | |
Ibuprofen | 1.66 ± 0.12 × 109 M−1 s−1 | 3.43 ± 0.06 × 109 M−1 s−1 | [13] |
1.32 × 109 M−1 s−1 | 5.57 × 109 M−1 s−1 | [14] | |
Levofloxacin | 0.93 ± 0.02 × 10−2 min−1 | 20.81 ± 0.7 × 10−2 min−1 | [15] |
Target Pollutant | Performance | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Metal Catalyst | |||
Fe(II) | Aniline |
| [26] |
Atrazine and TOC |
| [27] | |
Fe(III)/chelating agent | Iopamidol |
| [33] |
ZVI | Bispenol and phosphate |
| [81] |
Dibutyl phthalate |
| [82] | |
Cobalt | DDT |
| [83] |
Co-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) | Dibutyl phthalate |
| [84] |
Copper oxidate | p-chloroaniline [PCA] |
| [85] |
Copper ion | Propachlor |
| [68] |
Fe/Cu | p-nitrophenol (PNP) |
| [86] |
Manganite | Phenol |
| [87] |
Vanadium | 2,4,4-trichlorobiphenyl [PCB28] |
| [69] |
Zn0 | Methyl orange (MO) |
| [39] |
Metallic glass (Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3) | Malachite green (MG) |
| [88] |
Metal-free catalyst | |||
Bicarbonate | Acetaminophen |
| [89] |
Powder activated carbon (PAC) | Phenol |
| [67] |
S-doped activated carbon (ACS) | 4-chlorophenol (4CP) |
| [90] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Phenol |
| [91] |
Nitrogen-CNT | Phenol |
| [92] |
Nitrogen doped Reduced Graphene Oxide (N-rGO) | sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) |
| [93] |
Annealed Nanodiamonds (ANDs) | Phenol, catechol, benzoic acid, sulfachloropyridazine, methylene blue |
| [77] |
Hybrid AOP | |||
Kaolinite-supported iron oxide/PS/Vis LED | Rhodamine B (RhB) |
| [94] |
Microwave (MW) irradiation/MnFe2O4 | 4-nitrophenol |
| [80] |
Ferro-ferric oxide coated on activated carbon (AC@Fe3O4) | Tetracycline (TC) |
| [95] |
TiO2/UV-vis | Acid Orange 7 (AO7) |
| [78] |
α-sulfur/UV-vis | Rhodamine B |
| [96] |
γ-MnO2/rGO under ozonation | 4-nitrophenol |
| [97] |
Fe-Co/SBA-15 with ultrasonic irradiation | Orange II |
| [98] |
© 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Brienza, M.; Katsoyiannis, I.A. Sulfate Radical Technologies as Tertiary Treatment for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091604
Brienza M, Katsoyiannis IA. Sulfate Radical Technologies as Tertiary Treatment for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091604
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrienza, Monica, and Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis. 2017. "Sulfate Radical Technologies as Tertiary Treatment for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091604