Long-Term Land Use Changes Driven by Urbanisation and Their Environmental Effects (Example of Trnava City, Slovakia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Historical Land Use Changes in the Trnava Area
3.1.1. Analyses of Historical Land Use
1838
1955
1997
2015
3.1.2. Evaluation of Land Use Changes: 1838–2015
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- The growth in built-up areas is recorded gradually over the entire studied period. Major factors in this change since 1955 are industrial development, residential complex construction and consequent development of service facilities and transportation networks. Meanwhile, trends since 1990 centre on construction of large commercial and administrative centres. After Bratislava, Trnava is one of the regions with the greatest increase in built-up areas in Slovakia [38], as new industrial and commercial activities are located on regional and trans-regional axes as well as in the city centre.
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- The gradual loss of arable land is linked to expanding city development where constant investment pressure converts agricultural land with the best quality soil in Slovakia into technical areas, with concomitant negative landscape effects. Construction of industrial and logistics facilities, transport networks, shopping centres and residential areas are the largest sites of land transformation in the area, and unfortunately, as in other sub-urbanized areas, these are at the expense of “green fields”.
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- The increasing density of built-up area in the inner-city further highlights that new home-unit construction in the city has usurped public greenery and urban gardens. Although green areas are increasingly appropriated for transport and parking networks, it cannot keep up with demand.
3.1.3. Environmental Quality in the Trnava Area over Time
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- Endangerment of natural resources: agricultural land appropriation, water and wind erosion, air pollution, water pollution, and soil contamination.
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- Endangerment of landscape spatial stability: decrease in forests and other biotope areas, intensive agriculture, and built-up area sprawl.
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- Endangerment of human health: effects of air and water pollution, and soil contamination, plus those of intensive traffic and public green areas deficit.
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- Main positive environmental features: groundwater resources, productive agricultural soils, game reserves, important biotopes for protected and endangered species, nature protected areas, bio-centres and bio-corridors, important urban green areas and cultural and historical landscape features including the mosaic of vineyards and orchards.
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- Main negative environmental features: areas endangered by erosion and flooding, areas under intensive anthropogenic pressure (industry, traffic, recreation), environmental loads (landfills and contaminated areas), areas with air and water pollution and soil contamination, and finally areas affected by invasive species and allergens.
3.1.4. The Outlook for Future Spatial Development
3.2. Comparison the Trnava Area with Other Similar Cities
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- comparison of changes in the main land use categories in the compared cities for 1990 and 2012; and
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- relationships between population change, living area size and resultant population density over a given period.
3.2.1. The Main Categories of the Land Cover Classes in 1990 and 2012 and Their Changes
3.2.2. Comparison of Population Development and Accompanying Urbanisation Process
4. Discussion
4.1. Broader Context of Socio-Economic Development, Policy and Related Processes in Post-Socialist Cities
4.2. Land Use Changes, Environmental Consequences and Landscape Management after 1990
4.3. Planning and Management Responses
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land Use Categories | 1838 | 1955 | 1997 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residential area—housing, civic amenities | 88.2 | 195.8 | 355.8 | 407.5 |
Residential area—gardens, urban green areas, open spaces | 68.0 | 233.0 | 463.4 | 591.0 |
Production and technical areas, transport network | 101.3 | 461.2 | 648.7 | 950.9 |
Urbanized landscape (total area, in ha) | 257.5 | 890.0 | 1467.9 | 1949.4 |
Arable land | 5615.2 | 6078.5 | 5278.3 | 4901.0 |
Grasslands—meadows, pastures | 830.6 | 13.0 | 173.0 | 89.8 |
Permanent crops—vineyards, orchards, peri-urban gardens | 1.6 | 3.5 | 52.6 | 44.7 |
Agricultural landscape (total area, in ha) | 6447.4 | 6095.0 | 5503.9 | 5035.5 |
Forests and landscape vegetation | 440.2 | 128.9 | 126.6 | 119.8 |
Water courses and bodies | 8.1 | 39.3 | 54.8 | 48.5 |
Other use (total area, in ha) | 448.3 | 168.2 | 181.4 | 168.3 |
Trnava cadastre area—total (in ha) | 7153.2 | 7153.2 | 7153.2 | 7153.2 |
City, Country | Population (1 January 2016) | Geographical Characteristics | Brief Description |
---|---|---|---|
Trnava, Slovakia | 64,439 | Lowland landscape—loess hilly-land of Podunajská lowland, very fertile soils | NUTS3 regional centre (SK021 Trnavský kraj). Compact city with significant industry, traffic junction. Extensive investments after r. 1990—automotive, logistics. Surroundings—the dominance of intensive agriculture. |
Nitra, Slovakia | 80,130 | Border area of Podunajská lowland and Tríbeč hills—3 basic landscape types: river alluvium, loess hilly-land, lower mountain of Western Carpathians | NUTS3 regional centre (SK023 Nitriansky kraj). Less compact city, industry in peripheral areas. Extensive investment at present (automotive). Surroundings—intensive agriculture, marginal parts of area—forest and vineyards. |
Banská Bystrica, Slovakia | 76,988 | Border area of Zvolen basin and hig mountains of Carpathians (Nízke Tatry, Veľká Fatra, Kremnické vrchy) | NUTS3 regional centre (SK032 Banskobystrický kraj). Historical city with a compact centre in the valley and a number of suburban areas. Industry and logistics are moderately represented. Surrounding areas cover mostly forests and grasslands. |
Olomouc, Czech Republic | 100,154 | Lowland landscape—river alluvium of Morava river and hilly-land of basin Hornomoravský úval | NUTS3 regional centre (CZ071 Olomoucký kraj). Historical compact city with industrial suburbs and new investments. Surroundings—the dominance of intensive agriculture. |
Liberec, Czech Republic | 103,288 | Undulate landscape of Žitava mountain basin, contact with middle mountian ranges Jizerské hory, Ještěd | NUTS3 regional centre (CZ051 Liberecký kraj). Compact historical city, the old centre of the textile industry. New industrial and commercial areas, surrounded by a various land-use structure. |
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic | 93,248 | Dissected intra-mountain landscape—river Labe valley, slopes of České středohoří mountains, partly hilly-land of Mostecká panva basin | NUTS3 regional centre (CZ042 Ústecký kraj). Industrial and transport centre in the outskirts of a brown-coal mining area. After r. 1990 stagnation, later recovery and regeneration of the city. In the vicinity of the city—diverse land use. |
Frankfurt (Oder), Germany | 58,377 | Lowland landscape of the Odra river, part of glacier-formed basin (Berliner Urstromtal)—undulate landscape with high share of wetlands | NUTS3 regional centre (D403 Frankfurt (Oder), Kreisfreie Stadt). Historical city, originally developed along with the current Polish city of Slubice, with which renewed intensive linkages have now been established. In recent years, industrial and commercial sites are being constructed. Arable land predominates in the city’s outskirts, but there are also larger areas of grasslands, forests and water areas. |
Cottbus, Germany | 99,519 | Basin-landscape lowland in the river Spree valley, partly glacier-formed moraine | NUTS3 regional centre (D402 Cottbus, Kreisfreie Stadt). An industrial centre of the south Brandenburg region. The most important coal and energy supplier in the former GDR—after the fall of the mining in 1990s, there was a profound structural change in the city and region. In the vicinity, a significant representation of forests and former coal mining areas; the structure of agricultural landscape is variable. |
Schwerin, Germany | 96,800 | Lowland landscape of glacier-formed basin, high share of water bodies (Schwerin See) | NUTS3 regional centre (D804 Schwerin, Kreisfreie Stadt). Second largest city of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, historical centre. In the past, the territory was typical by agricultural production and the food industry. Nowadays with focus on services and tourism. The surrounding landscape is very varied with the prevalence of water areas and the even distribution of forests, arable land and grasslands. |
City | Year | Aera in ha | % of Total Area | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3–5 | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3–5 | ||
Trnava, SK | 1990 | 1807.0 | 5963.1 | 44.2 | 23.1 | 76.3 | 0.6 |
2012 | 2380.3 | 5389.8 | 44.2 | 30.5 | 69.0 | 0.6 | |
Nitra, SK | 1990 | 2783.2 | 4231.9 | 799.4 | 35.6 | 54.2 | 10.2 |
2012 | 3236.4 | 3626.9 | 951.2 | 41.4 | 46.4 | 12.2 | |
Banská Bystrica, SK | 1990 | 1970.7 | 3045.3 | 2799.3 | 25.2 | 39.0 | 35.8 |
2012 | 2203.3 | 2483.8 | 3128.2 | 28.2 | 31.8 | 40.0 | |
Olomouc, CZ | 1990 | 2755.8 | 4856.0 | 203.0 | 35.3 | 62.1 | 2.6 |
2012 | 2963.2 | 4629.5 | 222.2 | 37.9 | 59.2 | 2.8 | |
Liberec, CZ | 1990 | 2870.5 | 2952.7 | 1989.8 | 36.7 | 37.8 | 25.5 |
2012 | 3375.4 | 2443.7 | 1994.0 | 43.2 | 31.3 | 25.5 | |
Ústí nad Labem, CZ | 1990 | 2457.8 | 3071.9 | 2284.8 | 31.5 | 39.3 | 29.2 |
2012 | 2619.2 | 2957.7 | 2237.7 | 33.5 | 37.8 | 28.6 | |
Frankfurt (Oder), D | 1990 | 2370.1 | 3950.5 | 1494.1 | 30.3 | 50.6 | 19.1 |
2012 | 3029.6 | 2814.1 | 1971.0 | 38.8 | 36.0 | 25.2 | |
Cottbus, D | 1990 | 4109.0 | 2397.3 | 1309.3 | 52.6 | 30.7 | 16.8 |
2012 | 4556.4 | 1682.2 | 1577.0 | 58.3 | 21.5 | 20.2 | |
Schwerin, D | 1990 | 2458.1 | 1892.2 | 3465.5 | 31.5 | 24.2 | 44.3 |
2012 | 2797.8 | 1729.4 | 3288.6 | 35.8 | 22.1 | 42.1 |
Cities | Population | Living Area (ha) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2012 | 1990 | 2012 | |
Trnava, SK | 71,783 | 66,219 | 1240.9 | 1294.2 |
Nitra, SK | 89,969 | 78,875 | 2243.9 | 2347.2 |
Banská Bystrica, SK | 83,400 | 78,327 | 1465.6 | 1622.9 |
Olomouc, CZ | 105,537 | 101,003 | 1726.8 | 1773.3 |
Liberec, CZ | 101,967 | 102,247 | 2232.0 | 2339.1 |
Ústí nad Labem, CZ | 100,002 | 93,000 | 1735.3 | 1661.2 |
Frankfurt (Oder), D | 84,937 | 59,063 | 1536.3 | 1845.0 |
Cottbus, D | 123,321 | 99,974 | 3244.1 | 2530.3 |
Schwerin, D | 124,084 | 95,300 | 1547.4 | 1522.3 |
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Izakovičová, Z.; Mederly, P.; Petrovič, F. Long-Term Land Use Changes Driven by Urbanisation and Their Environmental Effects (Example of Trnava City, Slovakia). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091553
Izakovičová Z, Mederly P, Petrovič F. Long-Term Land Use Changes Driven by Urbanisation and Their Environmental Effects (Example of Trnava City, Slovakia). Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091553
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzakovičová, Zita, Peter Mederly, and František Petrovič. 2017. "Long-Term Land Use Changes Driven by Urbanisation and Their Environmental Effects (Example of Trnava City, Slovakia)" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091553