Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication—A Case Study of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Barriers to Cost-Saving for Prefabrication
2.2. Drivers for Cost-Saving for Prefabrication
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Mean Analysis
3.2. Calculation of Prefabrication Capital Cost
3.3. Data Collection
3.3.1. Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication
3.3.2. Questionnaire Design
3.4. Descriptive Statistics
4. Research Findings
4.1. t-Test
4.2. One-Way ANOVA
4.2.1. One-Way ANOVA for the Stakeholders
4.2.2. One-Way ANOVA Test for the Function
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Factors | Source |
---|---|---|
design | repetitiveness, qualified civil engineers, specialized architects, poor design, design alteration, unable to freeze the design early on, standardization design, repetition ratio of PC, experience, specification of design | Arashpour [35], Polat [36], Gibb [21], Blismas [30], Pan [39], Pan [22], Isaac [18], Chiang [15], Jaillon [5], Gibb [21], Matic [54] |
production | higher capital cost, economies of scale, mold types, turnover rate, proficiency of the workers, employee empowerment, procurement method, mass production | Asri [38], Khalili [40], Isaac [18], Poirier [44], Alazzaz [49], Mao [7], Matic [54] |
transportation | transportation cost of PC, collaborative efforts, distance | Jaillon and Poon [41], Kim [45] |
on-site installation | plant and production management, erection practices, labor productivity, skilled worker’s wages, scale of construction projects, construction time, complexity between joints, mismatching between on and off-site joints, experience, project management | Polat [36], Asri [38], Arashpour [33], Pan [39], Isaac [18], Gibb [21] |
the whole process | material cost, labor cost, machinery cost and factory, mold cost, training, communication, cooperation, management mode, knowledge management, technological innovation, professional institutions | Mao [7], Arashpour [33], Jaillon [41], Polat [42], David [43], Hill [47], Gann [51] |
Stage | Code | Factors |
---|---|---|
Design stage | FD1 | Coordination between designer and builder |
FD2 | Coordination between designer and PC manufacturer | |
FD3 | Coordination between designer and contractor | |
FD4 | Specification and standards for prefabricated building design | |
FD5 | Standard component catalogue of prefabricated building | |
FD6 | Design pattern of prefabricated building | |
FD7 | Diversity of prefabricated building structure | |
FD8 | Related experience of designer | |
FD9 | Collaborative capacity among professional designers | |
FD10 | Design level of teamwork | |
FD11 | Rationality of PC split | |
FD12 | Node coordination between PC and on-site component | |
FD13 | Coordination of connection nodes of PC components | |
FD14 | Reuse ratio of standard components | |
FD15 | Type of building structure | |
FD16 | Third party of drawing audit organization | |
Production and Transportation stage | FPT1 | Specification and Standards for PC production |
FPT2 | Design plan for PC production line | |
FPT3 | Order quantity of PC | |
FPT4 | Capacity of production line in PC | |
FPT5 | Depreciation of fixed assets | |
FPT6 | Maintenance of mechanical installation | |
FPT7 | Production technology of PC | |
FPT8 | Technical standards system of prefabricated building | |
FPT9 | Attrition rate of reinforcement | |
FPT10 | Additional reinforcement due to connection points | |
FPT11 | Curing condition to PC | |
FPT12 | Reuse rate of PC mold | |
FPT13 | Types and specifications in PC mold | |
FPT14 | Scrap quantity of mold | |
FPT15 | Number of professionals | |
FPT16 | Efficiency of production worker | |
FPT17 | Turnover rate of production worker | |
FPT18 | Training cost of production workers | |
FPT19 | Storage cost of PC in precast plant | |
FPT20 | Selection of transport machinery used for PC | |
FPT21 | Transportation and shipment forms of PC | |
FPT22 | Transport distance | |
FPT23 | Attrition rate of PC component in transportation | |
On-site Installation stage | FC1 | Related experience of manager |
FC2 | Coordination of all types of work on site | |
FC3 | Operant level on installation personnel | |
FC4 | Technical specifications and standards for PC installation | |
FC5 | Storage condition of PC on-site | |
FC6 | Mechanical efficiency of tower crane | |
FC7 | Hoisting procedure of PC | |
FC8 | Redundancy of installation process | |
FC9 | The scale of prefabricated construction project | |
FC10 | Rental fee of installation equipment |
Code | N | Mean | SD | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
FD4 | 178 | 4.36 | 0.827 | 1 |
FC1 | 178 | 4.18 | 0.871 | 2 |
FD11 | 178 | 4.16 | 0.849 | 3 |
FPT4 | 178 | 4.01 | 0.857 | 4 |
FC3 | 178 | 4.00 | 0.767 | 5 |
FPT3 | 178 | 3.99 | 0.883 | 6 |
FD2 | 178 | 3.98 | 0.766 | 7 |
FD9 | 178 | 3.98 | 0.809 | 8 |
FD13 | 178 | 3.97 | 0.830 | 9 |
FD8 | 178 | 3.92 | 0.770 | 10 |
FC2 | 178 | 3.88 | 0.702 | 11 |
FD12 | 178 | 3.87 | 0.840 | 12 |
FPT2 | 178 | 3.87 | 0.755 | 13 |
FD14 | 178 | 3.84 | 0.913 | 14 |
FPT12 | 178 | 3.83 | 0.880 | 15 |
FD10 | 178 | 3.79 | 0.883 | 16 |
FPT22 | 178 | 3.71 | 0.853 | 17 |
FPT1 | 178 | 3.69 | 0.981 | 18 |
FC6 | 178 | 3.69 | 0.934 | 19 |
FPT16 | 178 | 3.67 | 0.899 | 20 |
FD1 | 178 | 3.62 | 1.120 | 21 |
FPT7 | 178 | 3.61 | 0.790 | 22 |
FPT13 | 178 | 3.60 | 0.860 | 23 |
FD5 | 178 | 3.57 | 0.888 | 24 |
FD3 | 178 | 3.57 | 0.996 | 25 |
FPT8 | 178 | 3.56 | 0.938 | 26 |
FD6 | 178 | 3.49 | 0.891 | 27 |
FC8 | 178 | 3.49 | 0.811 | 28 |
FPT14 | 178 | 3.48 | 0.903 | 29 |
FC7 | 178 | 3.45 | 0.902 | 30 |
FC9 | 178 | 3.44 | 0.901 | 31 |
FD7 | 178 | 3.42 | 0.937 | 32 |
FC4 | 178 | 3.42 | 1.006 | 33 |
FPT20 | 178 | 3.35 | 0.928 | 34 |
FPT15 | 178 | 3.34 | 0.962 | 35 |
FPT21 | 178 | 3.30 | 0.882 | 36 |
FPT19 | 178 | 3.26 | 0.844 | 37 |
FD15 | 178 | 3.22 | 0.911 | 38 |
FPT6 | 178 | 3.21 | 0.895 | 39 |
FC10 | 178 | 3.21 | 0.920 | 40 |
FPT11 | 178 | 3.19 | 0.937 | 41 |
FPT23 | 178 | 3.16 | 0.961 | 42 |
FPT17 | 178 | 3.13 | 0.904 | 43 |
FPT5 | 178 | 3.12 | 0.972 | 44 |
FC5 | 178 | 3.12 | 0.807 | 45 |
FPT10 | 178 | 3.10 | 0.927 | 46 |
FPT9 | 178 | 3.09 | 0.970 | 47 |
FPT18 | 178 | 3.09 | 0.982 | 48 |
FD16 | 178 | 3.02 | 1.104 | 49 |
Code | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | Mean Value | t-Test for Equality of Means | Significant Difference (N/Y) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | Total | Series 1 (N) | Series 2 (Y) | t | Sig. | ||
FD1 | 12.286 | 0.001 | 3.618 | 4.120 | 3.422 | 4.372 | 0.000 | Y |
FD2 | 5.959 | 0.016 | 3.978 | 3.920 | 4.000 | −0.584 | 0.561 | N |
FD3 | 0.221 | 0.639 | 3.573 | 3.800 | 3.484 | 1.915 | 0.057 | N |
FD4 | 0.299 | 0.585 | 4.360 | 4.320 | 4.375 | −0.398 | 0.691 | N |
FD5 | 0.537 | 0.465 | 3.573 | 3.600 | 3.563 | 0.253 | 0.801 | N |
FD6 | 1.202 | 0.275 | 3.494 | 3.480 | 3.500 | −0.134 | 0.893 | N |
FD7 | 0.044 | 0.834 | 3.416 | 3.640 | 3.328 | 2.014 | 0.046 | Y |
FD8 | 0.108 | 0.743 | 3.921 | 4.120 | 3.844 | 2.174 | 0.031 | Y |
FD9 | 1.229 | 0.269 | 3.978 | 4.160 | 3.906 | 1.894 | 0.060 | N |
FD10 | 10.341 | 0.002 | 3.787 | 4.120 | 3.656 | 3.581 | 0.001 | Y |
FD11 | 0.308 | 0.579 | 4.157 | 4.080 | 4.188 | −0.758 | 0.449 | N |
FD12 | 5.178 | 0.024 | 3.865 | 3.720 | 3.922 | −1.278 | 0.205 | N |
FD13 | 24.145 | 0.000 | 3.966 | 3.840 | 4.016 | −1.005 | 0.319 | N |
FD14 | 4.508 | 0.035 | 3.843 | 3.840 | 3.844 | −0.022 | 0.982 | N |
FD15 | 4.306 | 0.039 | 3.225 | 3.640 | 3.063 | 3.776 | 0.000 | Y |
FD16 | 6.100 | 0.014 | 3.022 | 3.200 | 2.953 | 1.201 | 0.234 | N |
FPT1 | 1.398 | 0.239 | 3.685 | 4.160 | 3.500 | 4.221 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT2 | 0.551 | 0.459 | 3.865 | 4.080 | 3.781 | 2.406 | 0.017 | Y |
FPT3 | 9.215 | 0.003 | 3.989 | 3.640 | 4.125 | −3.018 | 0.004 | Y |
FPT4 | 10.856 | 0.001 | 4.011 | 3.480 | 4.219 | −4.957 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT5 | 12.510 | 0.001 | 3.124 | 3.160 | 3.109 | 0.277 | 0.783 | N |
FPT6 | 0.370 | 0.544 | 3.213 | 3.160 | 3.234 | −0.497 | 0.620 | N |
FPT7 | 0.167 | 0.684 | 3.607 | 3.840 | 3.516 | 2.498 | 0.013 | Y |
FPT8 | 3.838 | 0.052 | 3.562 | 3.960 | 3.406 | 3.661 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT9 | 11.054 | 0.001 | 3.090 | 3.200 | 3.047 | 0.851 | 0.398 | N |
FPT10 | 15.310 | 0.000 | 3.101 | 3.200 | 3.063 | 0.758 | 0.451 | N |
FPT11 | 7.259 | 0.008 | 3.191 | 3.320 | 3.141 | 1.062 | 0.291 | N |
FPT12 | 17.442 | 0.000 | 3.831 | 3.600 | 3.922 | −1.988 | 0.051 | N |
FPT13 | 1.047 | 0.308 | 3.596 | 3.440 | 3.656 | −1.513 | 0.132 | N |
FPT14 | 2.010 | 0.158 | 3.483 | 3.320 | 3.547 | −1.511 | 0.132 | N |
FPT15 | 11.349 | 0.001 | 3.337 | 3.200 | 3.391 | −1.020 | 0.312 | N |
FPT16 | 5.788 | 0.017 | 3.674 | 3.200 | 3.859 | −4.214 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT17 | 0.020 | 0.888 | 3.135 | 2.960 | 3.203 | −1.619 | 0.107 | N |
FPT18 | 9.393 | 0.003 | 3.090 | 3.560 | 2.906 | 3.834 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT19 | 0.917 | 0.339 | 3.258 | 3.280 | 3.250 | 0.213 | 0.832 | N |
FPT20 | 0.047 | 0.828 | 3.348 | 3.480 | 3.297 | 1.185 | 0.238 | N |
FPT21 | 3.038 | 0.083 | 3.303 | 3.360 | 3.281 | 0.534 | 0.594 | N |
FPT22 | 3.319 | 0.070 | 3.708 | 3.440 | 3.813 | −2.663 | 0.008 | Y |
FPT23 | 8.282 | 0.005 | 3.157 | 3.320 | 3.094 | 1.415 | 0.159 | N |
FC1 | 0.036 | 0.849 | 4.180 | 3.920 | 4.281 | −2.525 | 0.012 | Y |
FC2 | 8.138 | 0.005 | 3.876 | 3.760 | 3.922 | −1.249 | 0.216 | N |
FC3 | 0.012 | 0.911 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | N |
FC4 | 7.616 | 0.006 | 3.416 | 3.760 | 3.281 | 2.578 | 0.012 | Y |
FC5 | 0.674 | 0.413 | 3.124 | 3.000 | 3.172 | −1.279 | 0.202 | N |
FC6 | 10.619 | 0.001 | 3.685 | 3.320 | 3.828 | −2.967 | 0.004 | Y |
FC7 | 2.197 | 0.140 | 3.449 | 3.640 | 3.375 | 1.772 | 0.078 | N |
FC8 | 0.038 | 0.845 | 3.494 | 3.520 | 3.484 | 0.263 | 0.793 | N |
FC9 | 0.184 | 0.668 | 3.438 | 3.440 | 3.438 | 0.017 | 0.987 | N |
FC10 | 7.405 | 0.007 | 3.213 | 3.160 | 3.234 | −0.443 | 0.659 | N |
Code | Test of Homogeneity of Variances | Mean Value | One-Way-Test for Equality of Means | Significant Difference (N/Y) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levene Statistic | Sig. | Total | Series 1 | Series 2 | Series 3 | Series 4 | Series 5 | Series 6 | F | Sig. | ||
FD1 | 0.718 | 0.610 | 3.618 | 3.407 | 3.429 | 3.800 | 3.786 | 3.722 | 3.909 | 1.083 | 0.372 | N |
FD2 | 0.636 | 0.673 | 3.978 | 3.926 | 3.929 | 3.600 | 4.357 | 3.944 | 3.909 | 2.039 | 0.076 | N |
FD3 | 1.826 | 0.110 | 3.573 | 3.556 | 3.643 | 3.200 | 3.857 | 3.222 | 3.909 | 2.237 | 0.053 | N |
FD4 | 0.732 | 0.601 | 4.360 | 4.407 | 4.500 | 4.400 | 4.357 | 4.111 | 4.455 | 0.908 | 0.477 | N |
FD5 | 7.454 | 0.000 | 3.573 | 3.481 | 3.929 | 3.400 | 3.500 | 3.444 | 3.727 | 1.427 | 0.217 | N |
FD6 | 1.258 | 0.284 | 3.494 | 3.630 | 3.643 | 3.000 | 3.429 | 3.278 | 3.636 | 1.616 | 0.158 | N |
FD7 | 2.756 | 0.020 | 3.416 | 3.296 | 3.571 | 3.400 | 3.643 | 3.278 | 3.455 | 0.820 | 0.537 | N |
FD8 | 0.578 | 0.717 | 3.921 | 3.741 | 3.857 | 3.400 | 4.143 | 3.889 | 4.455 | 4.553 | 0.001 | Y |
FD9 | 1.440 | 0.212 | 3.978 | 3.741 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.167 | 4.182 | 1.638 | 0.153 | N |
FD10 | 2.629 | 0.026 | 3.787 | 3.630 | 3.571 | 3.800 | 3.929 | 3.889 | 4.091 | 1.458 | 0.206 | N |
FD11 | 1.586 | 0.166 | 4.157 | 3.889 | 4.214 | 3.800 | 4.643 | 4.389 | 3.909 | 4.633 | 0.001 | Y |
FD12 | 2.051 | 0.074 | 3.865 | 3.852 | 3.786 | 3.600 | 3.929 | 3.722 | 4.273 | 1.554 | 0.176 | N |
FD13 | 9.571 | 0.000 | 3.966 | 3.963 | 3.929 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.778 | 4.273 | 0.996 | 0.422 | N |
FD14 | 6.249 | 0.000 | 3.843 | 3.741 | 4.071 | 3.400 | 4.000 | 3.722 | 4.000 | 1.393 | 0.229 | N |
FD15 | 0.633 | 0.675 | 3.225 | 3.222 | 3.357 | 3.400 | 3.214 | 3.000 | 3.364 | 0.727 | 0.604 | N |
FD16 | 0.580 | 0.715 | 3.022 | 3.037 | 3.000 | 2.600 | 3.500 | 2.722 | 3.091 | 1.943 | 0.090 | N |
FPT1 | 1.625 | 0.156 | 3.685 | 3.407 | 3.714 | 4.000 | 3.429 | 3.889 | 4.182 | 3.067 | 0.011 | Y |
FPT2 | 3.396 | 0.006 | 3.865 | 3.815 | 3.714 | 4.200 | 3.857 | 3.722 | 4.273 | 2.289 | 0.048 | Y |
FPT3 | 2.751 | 0.020 | 3.989 | 3.963 | 4.071 | 4.600 | 4.429 | 3.778 | 3.455 | 4.919 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT4 | 3.409 | 0.006 | 4.011 | 4.000 | 4.286 | 4.400 | 4.214 | 3.778 | 3.636 | 2.816 | 0.018 | Y |
FPT5 | 5.120 | 0.000 | 3.124 | 2.963 | 3.000 | 2.800 | 3.714 | 3.222 | 2.909 | 3.142 | 0.010 | Y |
FPT6 | 0.786 | 0.561 | 3.213 | 3.111 | 3.286 | 3.600 | 3.643 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 2.611 | 0.026 | Y |
FPT7 | 2.878 | 0.016 | 3.607 | 3.593 | 3.571 | 3.600 | 3.357 | 3.611 | 4.000 | 1.697 | 0.138 | N |
FPT8 | 2.188 | 0.058 | 3.562 | 3.630 | 3.357 | 3.000 | 3.571 | 3.500 | 4.000 | 2.094 | 0.068 | N |
FPT9 | 4.220 | 0.001 | 3.090 | 3.185 | 2.929 | 3.000 | 3.214 | 2.889 | 3.273 | 0.830 | 0.530 | N |
FPT10 | 3.879 | 0.002 | 3.101 | 3.296 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.214 | 2.722 | 3.273 | 2.066 | 0.072 | N |
FPT11 | 3.450 | 0.005 | 3.191 | 3.111 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.571 | 2.944 | 3.636 | 2.964 | 0.014 | Y |
FPT12 | 3.890 | 0.002 | 3.831 | 3.741 | 3.857 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.833 | 3.727 | 0.453 | 0.810 | N |
FPT13 | 2.213 | 0.055 | 3.596 | 3.593 | 3.429 | 3.600 | 4.000 | 3.556 | 3.364 | 1.828 | 0.110 | N |
FPT14 | 1.275 | 0.277 | 3.483 | 3.556 | 3.643 | 3.400 | 3.643 | 3.333 | 3.182 | 1.128 | 0.347 | N |
FPT15 | 1.628 | 0.155 | 3.337 | 3.148 | 3.357 | 2.800 | 3.500 | 3.444 | 3.636 | 1.756 | 0.125 | N |
FPT16 | 5.227 | 0.000 | 3.674 | 3.815 | 3.571 | 3.800 | 4.071 | 3.333 | 3.455 | 2.916 | 0.015 | Y |
FPT17 | 0.877 | 0.498 | 3.135 | 3.296 | 3.214 | 2.800 | 3.214 | 2.889 | 3.091 | 1.257 | 0.285 | N |
FPT18 | 1.871 | 0.102 | 3.090 | 3.148 | 3.071 | 3.000 | 2.929 | 2.833 | 3.636 | 2.129 | 0.064 | N |
FPT19 | 2.815 | 0.018 | 3.258 | 3.185 | 3.214 | 3.600 | 3.143 | 3.278 | 3.455 | 0.765 | 0.576 | N |
FPT20 | 4.319 | 0.001 | 3.348 | 3.370 | 3.429 | 3.800 | 3.071 | 3.222 | 3.545 | 1.366 | 0.239 | N |
FPT21 | 3.001 | 0.013 | 3.303 | 3.296 | 3.143 | 3.800 | 3.071 | 3.389 | 3.455 | 1.422 | 0.219 | N |
FPT22 | 4.196 | 0.001 | 3.708 | 3.704 | 3.714 | 4.200 | 4.000 | 3.500 | 3.455 | 2.212 | 0.055 | N |
FPT23 | 2.132 | 0.064 | 3.157 | 3.111 | 3.214 | 3.600 | 3.143 | 2.889 | 3.455 | 1.471 | 0.202 | N |
FC1 | 1.242 | 0.291 | 4.180 | 4.074 | 4.143 | 4.600 | 4.500 | 4.222 | 3.818 | 2.244 | 0.052 | N |
FC2 | 2.397 | 0.039 | 3.876 | 3.815 | 3.786 | 4.200 | 4.071 | 3.778 | 3.909 | 1.191 | 0.316 | N |
FC3 | 2.519 | 0.031 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 3.929 | 4.600 | 4.143 | 3.667 | 4.182 | 3.275 | 0.008 | Y |
FC4 | 0.972 | 0.436 | 3.416 | 3.296 | 3.429 | 2.800 | 3.643 | 3.389 | 3.727 | 1.643 | 0.151 | N |
FC5 | 2.341 | 0.044 | 3.124 | 3.111 | 3.143 | 3.200 | 3.071 | 3.000 | 3.364 | 0.598 | 0.701 | N |
FC6 | 1.831 | 0.109 | 3.685 | 3.926 | 3.429 | 4.000 | 3.714 | 3.500 | 3.545 | 1.794 | 0.116 | N |
FC7 | 0.433 | 0.825 | 3.449 | 3.519 | 3.286 | 3.200 | 3.357 | 3.278 | 4.000 | 2.456 | 0.035 | Y |
FC8 | 0.282 | 0.922 | 3.494 | 3.704 | 3.571 | 3.200 | 3.357 | 3.222 | 3.636 | 2.211 | 0.055 | N |
FC9 | 1.816 | 0.112 | 3.438 | 3.630 | 3.286 | 3.600 | 3.429 | 3.278 | 3.364 | 0.970 | 0.438 | N |
FC10 | 0.942 | 0.456 | 3.213 | 3.222 | 3.214 | 3.200 | 3.214 | 2.944 | 3.636 | 1.571 | 0.171 | N |
Code | Test of Homogeneity of Variances | Mean Value | One-Way-Test for Equality of Means | Significant Difference (N/Y) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levene Statistic | Sig. | Total | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | F | Sig. | ||
FD1 | 4.507 | 0.005 | 3.618 | 3.111 | 3.542 | 4.125 | 3.667 | 2.520 | 0.060 | N |
FD2 | 1.984 | 0.118 | 3.978 | 4.111 | 3.875 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 0.497 | 0.685 | N |
FD3 | 0.873 | 0.456 | 3.573 | 3.556 | 3.208 | 3.500 | 3.771 | 3.589 | 0.015 | Y |
FD4 | 3.480 | 0.017 | 4.360 | 4.778 | 4.292 | 4.375 | 4.313 | 1.772 | 0.154 | N |
FD5 | 0.805 | 0.492 | 3.573 | 3.889 | 3.583 | 3.750 | 3.479 | 1.338 | 0.264 | N |
FD6 | 1.523 | 0.210 | 3.494 | 3.556 | 3.625 | 3.750 | 3.375 | 1.395 | 0.246 | N |
FD7 | 0.620 | 0.603 | 3.416 | 3.556 | 3.500 | 4.500 | 3.167 | 11.378 | 0.000 | Y |
FD8 | 1.520 | 0.211 | 3.921 | 4.000 | 3.792 | 4.125 | 3.938 | 0.902 | 0.441 | N |
FD9 | 3.255 | 0.023 | 3.978 | 4.222 | 4.042 | 4.375 | 3.833 | 3.055 | 0.030 | Y |
FD10 | 0.919 | 0.433 | 3.787 | 3.778 | 3.542 | 4.125 | 3.854 | 2.251 | 0.084 | N |
FD11 | 0.365 | 0.778 | 4.157 | 4.000 | 4.208 | 4.250 | 4.146 | 0.329 | 0.804 | N |
FD12 | 0.675 | 0.568 | 3.865 | 4.111 | 3.542 | 4.500 | 3.875 | 6.498 | 0.000 | Y |
FD13 | 4.448 | 0.005 | 3.966 | 3.667 | 3.667 | 4.375 | 4.104 | 5.428 | 0.001 | Y |
FD14 | 5.022 | 0.002 | 3.843 | 3.556 | 4.000 | 3.875 | 3.813 | 1.112 | 0.346 | N |
FD15 | 0.593 | 0.620 | 3.225 | 2.778 | 3.167 | 4.000 | 3.208 | 5.817 | 0.001 | Y |
FD16 | 0.451 | 0.717 | 3.022 | 3.000 | 2.792 | 4.125 | 2.958 | 6.717 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT1 | 2.366 | 0.073 | 3.685 | 3.444 | 3.667 | 4.375 | 3.625 | 3.242 | 0.023 | Y |
FPT2 | 2.119 | 0.100 | 3.865 | 3.889 | 3.750 | 4.125 | 3.875 | 1.017 | 0.387 | N |
FPT3 | 0.102 | 0.959 | 3.989 | 4.333 | 4.042 | 3.875 | 3.917 | 1.279 | 0.283 | N |
FPT4 | 1.244 | 0.295 | 4.011 | 4.667 | 3.917 | 4.250 | 3.896 | 5.019 | 0.002 | Y |
FPT5 | 0.133 | 0.940 | 3.124 | 3.111 | 3.083 | 3.625 | 3.063 | 1.589 | 0.194 | N |
FPT6 | 2.473 | 0.063 | 3.213 | 3.222 | 3.125 | 4.000 | 3.125 | 4.887 | 0.003 | Y |
FPT7 | 4.514 | 0.004 | 3.607 | 3.556 | 3.542 | 4.500 | 3.500 | 8.493 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT8 | 3.141 | 0.027 | 3.562 | 3.444 | 3.458 | 4.500 | 3.479 | 6.407 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT9 | 4.516 | 0.004 | 3.090 | 3.111 | 2.917 | 3.875 | 3.042 | 4.315 | 0.006 | Y |
FPT10 | 6.352 | 0.000 | 3.101 | 3.111 | 2.833 | 3.750 | 3.125 | 4.182 | 0.007 | Y |
FPT11 | 1.466 | 0.226 | 3.191 | 2.889 | 2.958 | 4.000 | 3.229 | 6.125 | 0.001 | Y |
FPT12 | 1.766 | 0.155 | 3.831 | 3.778 | 3.875 | 4.000 | 3.792 | 0.319 | 0.812 | N |
FPT13 | 1.572 | 0.198 | 3.596 | 3.556 | 3.583 | 4.000 | 3.542 | 1.329 | 0.267 | N |
FPT14 | 0.372 | 0.773 | 3.483 | 3.444 | 3.625 | 3.875 | 3.354 | 2.100 | 0.102 | N |
FPT15 | 2.506 | 0.061 | 3.337 | 3.333 | 3.208 | 3.875 | 3.313 | 2.009 | 0.114 | N |
FPT16 | 8.471 | 0.000 | 3.674 | 4.333 | 3.458 | 3.625 | 3.667 | 4.405 | 0.005 | Y |
FPT17 | 1.364 | 0.256 | 3.135 | 3.556 | 3.000 | 3.625 | 3.042 | 3.725 | 0.012 | Y |
FPT18 | 0.162 | 0.922 | 3.090 | 3.111 | 2.958 | 3.500 | 3.083 | 1.227 | 0.301 | N |
FPT19 | 2.736 | 0.045 | 3.258 | 3.333 | 3.000 | 4.250 | 3.208 | 10.467 | 0.000 | Y |
FPT20 | 0.845 | 0.471 | 3.348 | 3.333 | 3.375 | 3.875 | 3.250 | 2.132 | 0.098 | N |
FPT21 | 0.977 | 0.405 | 3.303 | 3.111 | 3.250 | 4.125 | 3.229 | 5.607 | 0.001 | Y |
FPT22 | 2.836 | 0.040 | 3.708 | 4.111 | 3.542 | 3.875 | 3.688 | 2.216 | 0.088 | N |
FPT23 | 3.596 | 0.015 | 3.157 | 3.000 | 3.083 | 4.000 | 3.083 | 4.838 | 0.003 | Y |
FC1 | 0.912 | 0.436 | 4.180 | 4.667 | 4.125 | 4.250 | 4.104 | 2.262 | 0.083 | N |
FC2 | 0.989 | 0.399 | 3.876 | 4.111 | 3.750 | 4.250 | 3.833 | 2.910 | 0.036 | Y |
FC3 | 1.243 | 0.296 | 4.000 | 4.111 | 3.833 | 4.375 | 4.000 | 2.203 | 0.089 | N |
FC4 | 3.586 | 0.015 | 3.416 | 3.111 | 3.500 | 4.375 | 3.271 | 6.776 | 0.000 | Y |
FC5 | 1.531 | 0.208 | 3.124 | 3.111 | 2.958 | 3.625 | 3.125 | 2.815 | 0.041 | Y |
FC6 | 3.452 | 0.018 | 3.685 | 4.000 | 3.708 | 4.000 | 3.563 | 1.877 | 0.135 | N |
FC7 | 0.329 | 0.805 | 3.449 | 3.556 | 3.333 | 3.875 | 3.417 | 1.593 | 0.193 | N |
FC8 | 0.562 | 0.641 | 3.494 | 3.333 | 3.542 | 3.750 | 3.458 | 0.882 | 0.452 | N |
FC9 | 5.486 | 0.001 | 3.438 | 3.333 | 3.375 | 4.000 | 3.396 | 2.355 | 0.074 | N |
FC10 | 1.607 | 0.189 | 3.213 | 2.889 | 3.167 | 3.625 | 3.229 | 1.892 | 0.133 | N |
Function | Context | Content |
---|---|---|
top manager | industry chain | technology, management, cooperation of team exterior and team inner, consciousness and human subjective initiative |
middle manager | enterprise | technology, management, cooperation of team exterior and team inner, consciousness |
first-line manager | project | technology, management on-site, cooperation within a team |
technician | practical problem | technology, cooperation of teamwork, and practical problems |
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Xue, H.; Zhang, S.; Su, Y.; Wu, Z. Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication—A Case Study of China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1512. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091512
Xue H, Zhang S, Su Y, Wu Z. Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication—A Case Study of China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1512. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091512
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Hong, Shoujian Zhang, Yikun Su, and Zezhou Wu. 2017. "Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication—A Case Study of China" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1512. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091512