Functional Differentiation and Sustainability: A New Stage of Development in the Chinese Container Port System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Port System Study
2.2. China Port Development and System
3. Research Target and Information
3.1. Research Target
3.2. Research Information
3.3. Research Methodology
4. China Port System Evolution
4.1. The First Layer: De-Concentration in Adjacent Ports
4.2. The Second Layer: Functional Differentiation in Foreign Container and Domestic Container
4.3. The Third Layer: Functional Differentiation in Foreign Transshipment and Domestic Transshipment
5. Functional Differentiation Mechanism
5.1. Deep Water Conditions for Different Port Development
5.2. The Introduction of Foreign Investment and Routings
5.3. Port Administration Systems Changes and Government Pressure
5.4. Domestic Trade and Port Systems Decentralization
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dalian | Yingkou | Qingdao | Yantai | Shanghai | Ningbo | Xiamen | Quanzhou | Shenzhen | Guangzhou | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Throughout (Ten thousand TEU) | 806.4 | 485.1 | 1450 | 185.04 | 3252.9 | 1683 | 720.17 | 169.69 | 2294.13 | 1474.4 |
Rank in China | 7 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 4 |
Rank in province | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Distance on the sea (nautical mile) | 184 | 219 | 109 | 84 | 57 | |||||
Distance onshore (kilometer) | 225 | 229 | 235 | 140 | 163 |
Dalian/Yingkou | Qingdao/Yantai | Shanghai/Ningbo | Xiamen/Quanzhou | Shenzhen/Guangzhou | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 3.68217 | 16.90412 | 3.748674 | 5.258674 | 5.942204 |
2005 | 3.007309 | 10.07021 | 3.424452 | 5.247581 | 4.821663 |
2006 | 2.776552 | 7.227458 | 3.031507 | 4.472802 | 3.526394 |
2007 | 2.674885 | 8.42988 | 2.756799 | 4.089552 | 2.882006 |
2008 | 2.340432 | 7.15981 | 2.561907 | 3.768581 | 2.39639 |
2009 | 1.989344 | 8.228677 | 2.441246 | 3.33566 | 2.072999 |
2010 | 1.888751 | 8.930064 | 2.273834 | 2.94949 | 2.299585 |
2011 | 1.621835 | 9.010811 | 2.225592 | 3.730142 | 2.008294 |
2012 | 1.677914 | 10.08928 | 2.041581 | 3.925868 | 1.92134 |
2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dalian | Foreign | 91.00 | 91.15 | 90.08 | 90.02 | 85.18 | 81.29 | 80.34 | 74.15 | 60.08 |
Domestic | 9.00 | 8.85 | 9.92 | 9.98 | 14.82 | 18.71 | 19.66 | 25.85 | 39.92 | |
Yingkou | Foreign | 9.29 | 8.73 | 12.01 | 9.63 | 3.28 | 2.08 | 1.79 | 2.58 | 2.27 |
Domestic | 90.71 | 91.27 | 87.99 | 90.37 | 96.72 | 97.92 | 98.21 | 97.42 | 97.73 | |
Qingdao | Foreign | 92.16 | 89.98 | 89.43 | 89.12 | 85.68 | 86.00 | 84.79 | 82.89 | 74.94 |
Domestic | 8.51 | 11.13 | 11.82 | 12.21 | 16.72 | 16.28 | 17.94 | 20.64 | 33.44 | |
Yantai | Foreign | 58.66 | 40.07 | 29.13 | 31.09 | 24.93 | 25.68 | 26.45 | 28.67 | 29.26 |
Domestic | 41.34 | 59.93 | 70.87 | 68.91 | 75.07 | 74.32 | 73.55 | 71.33 | 70.74 | |
Shanghai | Foreign | 92.78 | 92.81 | 92.75 | 92.79 | 92.48 | 90.80 | 90.61 | 90.67 | 90.40 |
Domestic | 7.79 | 7.19 | 7.81 | 7.21 | 8.13 | 9.20 | 10.36 | 9.33 | 10.61 | |
Ningbo | Foreign | 94.67 | 93.96 | 93.73 | 93.75 | 93.61 | 93.07 | 93.29 | 92.74 | 92.85 |
Domestic | 5.33 | 6.04 | 6.27 | 6.25 | 6.39 | 6.93 | 6.71 | 7.26 | 7.15 | |
Xiamen | Foreign | 93.32 | 92.79 | 92.53 | 91.62 | 90.26 | 86.52 | 87.68 | 81.22 | 79.31 |
Domestic | 6.68 | 7.21 | 7.47 | 8.38 | 9.74 | 13.48 | 12.32 | 18.78 | 20.69 | |
Quanzhou | Foreign | 6.95 | 4.81 | 3.94 | 4.99 | 3.92 | 5.15 | 4.41 | 4.54 | 4.79 |
Domestic | 93.05 | 95.19 | 96.06 | 95.01 | 96.08 | 94.85 | 95.59 | 95.46 | 95.21 | |
Shenzhen | Foreign | 94.72 | 95.40 | 95.19 | 95.58 | 95.59 | 94.15 | 95.59 | 95.66 | 95.07 |
Domestic | 5.28 | 4.60 | 4.81 | 4.42 | 4.41 | 5.85 | 4.41 | 4.34 | 4.93 | |
Guangzhou | Foreign | 19.12 | 22.70 | 27.86 | 29.58 | 28.18 | 28.88 | 27.74 | 30.50 | 37.08 |
Domestic | 80.88 | 77.30 | 72.14 | 70.42 | 71.82 | 71.12 | 72.26 | 69.50 | 62.92 |
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dalian | Foreign | 100.00 | 100.00 | 92.04 | 90.49 | 78.84 | 81.67 | 70.07 | 62.86 |
Domestic | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.96 | 9.51 | 21.16 | 18.33 | 29.93 | 37.14 | |
Yingkou | Foreign | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.11 |
Domestic | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 99.99 | 99.61 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 84.89 | |
Qingdao | Foreign | 0.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 97.27 | 98.46 | 99.10 | 100.00 | 90.47 |
Domestic | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 1.54 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 9.53 | |
Yantai | Foreign | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 1.21 | 1.23 |
Domestic | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.96 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 99.73 | 98.79 | 98.77 | |
Shanghai | Foreign | 86.63 | 82.56 | 85.81 | 85.14 | 81.03 | 93.77 | 80.64 | 80.91 |
Domestic | 13.37 | 17.44 | 14.19 | 14.86 | 18.97 | 6.23 | 19.36 | 19.09 | |
Ningbo | Foreign | 62.61 | 75.98 | 98.30 | 98.31 | 99.01 | 94.58 | 88.91 | 88.10 |
Domestic | 37.39 | 24.02 | 1.70 | 1.69 | 0.99 | 5.42 | 11.09 | 11.90 | |
Xiamen | Foreign | 88.09 | 84.01 | 81.78 | 60.53 | 50.18 | 62.18 | 51.41 | 50.86 |
Domestic | 11.91 | 15.99 | 18.22 | 39.47 | 49.82 | 37.82 | 48.59 | 49.14 | |
Quanzhou | Foreign | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 4.66 | 1.88 | 1.57 | 6.25 |
Domestic | 100.00 | 99.42 | 99.39 | 99.05 | 95.34 | 98.12 | 98.43 | 93.75 | |
Shenzhen | Foreign | 91.36 | 94.51 | 95.88 | 88.41 | 80.46 | 86.53 | 84.58 | 79.33 |
Domestic | 8.64 | 5.49 | 4.12 | 11.59 | 19.54 | 13.47 | 15.42 | 20.67 | |
Guangzhou | Foreign | 0.00 | 0.00 | 32.87 | 27.45 | 25.05 | 0.35 | 4.23 | 7.16 |
Domestic | 100.00 | 100.00 | 75.26 | 78.46 | 79.97 | 99.65 | 95.94 | 93.32 |
Port | Foreign Company (Time) |
---|---|
Shenzhen | SITC (1990); CMHI (1991); Swire (1991); P&O (1991); HPH (1994); CMHI (2002); Allegro investments (2003); MTL (2005) |
Shanghai | HPH (1993); APM (2002); HPH (2003); HPH (2005) |
Dalian | PSA (1996); PSA (1999); PSA (2004); APM (2004); NYK (2007) |
Xiamen | HPH (1996); NWS (1997); APM (2005) |
Qingdao | P&O (1999); Maersk (1999); PE (2009) |
Guangzhou | PSA (2001) |
Ningbo | HPH (2001); Cyber Chic Company Limited (2003); Ninterin Ltd. (2004); Lloyd Triestino (2004); OOCL (2006) |
Yantai | Dubai Port World (2003); ICTSI Hong Kong (2005) |
Port | Company (Time) |
---|---|
Guangzhou | PSA (2001); CSCL (2003); COSCO (2006) |
Yantai | Dubai Port World (2003); ICTSI Hong Kong (2005) |
Yingkou | COSCO (2004); CSCL (2007) |
Quanzhou | COSCO (2006); COSCO (2008) |
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Wang, L.; Notteboom, T.; Lau, Y.-y.; Ng, A.K.Y. Functional Differentiation and Sustainability: A New Stage of Development in the Chinese Container Port System. Sustainability 2017, 9, 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030328
Wang L, Notteboom T, Lau Y-y, Ng AKY. Functional Differentiation and Sustainability: A New Stage of Development in the Chinese Container Port System. Sustainability. 2017; 9(3):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030328
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Liehui, Theo Notteboom, Yui-yip Lau, and Adolf K. Y. Ng. 2017. "Functional Differentiation and Sustainability: A New Stage of Development in the Chinese Container Port System" Sustainability 9, no. 3: 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030328