Protecting of Marble Stone Facades of Historic Buildings Using Multifunctional TiO2 Nanocoatings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Preparation of TiO2 Nanocoating
2.1.2. Preparation of Experimental Marble Specimens
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Application and Procedures of the Protection Nano-Coating on Stone Surface
2.2.2. UV Aging Test
2.2.3. Artificial Aging Test (Wet-Dry Cycles)
2.2.4. Dirt Accumulation Test
2.2.5. Morphological Analysis of the Stone Samples
2.2.6. Colorimetric Measurements
2.2.7. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
2.2.8. Mechanical Properties (Abrasion Resistance Test)
2.2.9. Water Absorption
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Studied Historic Marble Samples
3.2. SEM/EDX Investigation
3.3. Mechanical Properties (Abrasion Resistance Test)
3.4. Effect of TiO2 Nano-Coating on Dirt Accumulation
3.5. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
3.6. Colorimetric Test
- ΔE < 0.2: no perceivable difference;
- 0.2 < ΔE < 0.5: very small difference;
- 0.5 < ΔE < 2: small difference;
- 2 < ΔE < 3: fairly perceptible difference;
- 3 < ΔE < 6: perceptible difference;
- 6 < ΔE < 12: strong difference;
- ΔE > 12: different colours.
3.7. Water Absorption
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | February | March | April | May | June | July |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum temperature (°C) | 23 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 35 |
Minimum temperature (°C) | 10 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 21 |
Relative humidity (RH) | 40 | 36 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 55 |
Applied Protective Materials | Wide Wheel Abrasion Values (mm) |
---|---|
Untreated samples | 19 |
Treated samples with TiO2 nano-coating | 17.5 |
Treated samples with TiO2 nano-coating after thermal aging | 18 |
Wavenumber Range (cm−1) | Intensity (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stone | Standard | Thermal Aging | UV Aging | Open Air | |
1394.0–1398.0 | 0.231 | 0.382 | 0.137 | 0.395 | 0.537 |
1030.0–1033.0 | -- | 0.169 | 0.084 | 0.177 | 0.147 |
1008.0–1011.0 | -- | 0.163 | 0.083 | 0.175 | 0.139 |
Relative Intensity | Standard | Thermal Aging | UV Aging | Open Air |
---|---|---|---|---|
1396.3/1032.1 | 2.26 | 1.63 | 2.23 | 3.65 |
1396.3/1009.7 | 2.34 | 1.65 | 2.25 | 3.86 |
Δ (Treated and Untreated Samples) | Δ (UV Aged and Untreated Samples) | Δ (Thermally Aged and Untreated Samples) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE* | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE* | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE* |
2.03 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 2.17 | 2.89 | 0.41 | 0.92 | 3.06 | 3.82 | 0.35 | 1.27 | 4.04 |
TiO2 Nanoparticles Consentraion (2%) | Density (gm/cm3) | Porosity (%) | Water Absorption (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Untreated sample | 2.656 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
Treated sample | 2.788 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Treated sample after UV aging | 2.788 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Treated sample after thermal aging | 2.666 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
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Aldoasri, M.A.; Darwish, S.S.; Adam, M.A.; Elmarzugi, N.A.; Ahmed, S.M. Protecting of Marble Stone Facades of Historic Buildings Using Multifunctional TiO2 Nanocoatings. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112002
Aldoasri MA, Darwish SS, Adam MA, Elmarzugi NA, Ahmed SM. Protecting of Marble Stone Facades of Historic Buildings Using Multifunctional TiO2 Nanocoatings. Sustainability. 2017; 9(11):2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112002
Chicago/Turabian StyleAldoasri, Mohammad A., Sawsan S. Darwish, Mahmoud A. Adam, Nagib A. Elmarzugi, and Sayed M. Ahmed. 2017. "Protecting of Marble Stone Facades of Historic Buildings Using Multifunctional TiO2 Nanocoatings" Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112002