Demystifying the Barriers to Transport Infrastructure Project Development in Fast Developing Regions: The Case of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework: A Proposed U-Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Case of China
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Formulation of Barriers
3.2.2. Respondents’ Profiles
3.3. Data Analysis
3.3.1. Ranking Analysis
3.3.2. Factor Analysis
4. Findings and Discussion
4.1. Cluster 1: Administration on Transport Infrastructure
4.2. Cluster 2: Construction Technology and Cost Management
4.3. Cluster 3: Geographical and Economic Conditions
4.4. Implications of the Proposed U-Framework
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References 1 | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | ||||||||||||||||
Financial condition | Economic return | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Capital funding | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Perceived costs | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Changing markets | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Governmental administration | Related policies | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Politicized decision | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Government approval | √ | |||||||||||||||
Regulation and institution | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Corruption | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Project management | √ | |||||||||||||||
TI planning | Project planning | √ | ||||||||||||||
Rapid urbanization | √ | |||||||||||||||
Social and culture | Public support | √ | ||||||||||||||
Social equity | √ | |||||||||||||||
Land acquisition | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Demographic pattern | √ | |||||||||||||||
Construction technology | Information technology | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Innovation and research | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Design rework | √ | |||||||||||||||
The choice of technology | √ | |||||||||||||||
Natural environment | Climate variations | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Physiographic characteristics | √ | |||||||||||||||
Environmental clearances | √ | |||||||||||||||
Pollution | √ |
Code | Obstacle Factors | Sources | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Literature | Interview | Case Study | ||
F01 | Lack of integrity, strategic and forward-looking transport planning | B; C | Chongqing Jiangbei Airport | |
F02 | Excessive transport planning changes | [25,30] | B | |
F03 | Conflicts and coordination between regions | E | Dazhou-Chongqing High Speed Railway | |
F04 | Fragmentation of administrative system | [25,36] | D | |
F05 | Lack of sustainable and effective policies | [44,48] | D | Metro Line 1 of Guiyang |
F06 | Slow government permit and approval | [31] | C | |
F07 | Improper monitoring and control | [27,29] | ||
F08 | Macroeconomic downturn | [30,36] | A | |
F09 | Weak support from economy | E | Delingha Airport | |
F10 | Poor financial environment | [6,26] | Guilin-Liuzhou Expressway | |
F11 | High pressure of debt repayment | C | ||
F12 | Heavy tax burden of construction firms | A | ||
F13 | Insufficient funding | [36,40] | ||
F14 | Cost overrun | [28,29] | A; B | Guiyang-Guangzhou High-speed Railway |
F15 | Ineffective cost management | D | ||
F16 | Cultural difference and conflicts | C | Delingha Airport | |
F17 | Complex local social environment | [47] | Southern Xinjiang railway | |
F18 | Ideas behind | B; E | ||
F19 | Thinly populated area | Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway | ||
F20 | Difficulty in dealing with existing infrastructure | E | ||
F21 | Weak infrastructure supporting | A | Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport | |
F22 | Problems of land acquisition and resettlement | [25] | Nanning-Kunming Railway | |
F23 | Obsolete technical standards | [36,46] | B | |
F24 | Multiple technical problems | Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway | ||
F25 | Insufficient sharing and communication of technical experience | [29,30] | ||
F26 | Lack of IT development and application | [30,36] | B | |
F27 | Difficulty in survey and design | C;D | The Qinghai-Tibet Railway | |
F28 | Inadequate capacity of project management | E | ||
F29 | Lack of innovative application | [36,46] | B | |
F30 | Lack of local R&D institutes and services | [46] | ||
F31 | Lack of related composite talents | D; E | ||
F32 | Complex topography and landform | [29] | A; B | Qinghai-Tibet Railway |
F33 | Happening of natural disaster | C | Sichuan-Tibet Highway | |
F34 | Land resource shortage | [30] | ||
F35 | Fragile ecological environment | [29] | Nanning-Kunming Railway | |
F36 | Complex geological structure | Shenfu Expressway | ||
F37 | Harsh regional climate | [29,36] | A | Lajishan Tunnel |
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Year | World | EMDEs | Advanced Economies | Developing Countries | High-Income Countries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actual growth | 2014 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 1.9 |
2015 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 2.2 | |
Estimates | 2016 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.6 |
Projections | 2017 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 1.8 |
2018 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 1.8 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 1.7 |
Year | Urban | Rural | Total Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Proportion | Population | Proportion | ||
1980 | 191.40 1 | 19.39 | 795.65 | 80.61 | 987.05 |
1985 | 250.94 | 23.71 | 807.57 | 76.29 | 1058.51 |
1990 | 301.95 | 26.41 | 841.38 | 73.59 | 1143.33 |
1995 | 351.74 | 29.04 | 859.47 | 70.96 | 1211.21 |
2000 | 459.06 | 36.22 | 808.37 | 63.78 | 1267.43 |
2005 | 562.12 | 42.99 | 745.44 | 57.01 | 1307.56 |
2010 | 669.78 | 49.95 | 671.13 | 50.05 | 1340.91 |
2015 | 771.16 | 56.10 | 603.46 | 43.90 | 1374.62 |
Year | Western Region | Middle Region | Eastern Region | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR | DH | DP | DR | DH | DP | DR | DH | DP | |
1982 | 26.89 1 | 524.25 | 421.89 2 | 105.51 | 2146.25 | 2790.18 | 100.29 | 2484.57 | 3748.03 |
1985 | 28.14 | 545.79 | 434.94 | 106.98 | 2164.71 | 2870.53 | 106.51 | 2590.48 | 3868.67 |
1990 | 28.53 | 596.05 | 472.80 | 111.76 | 2356.36 | 3171.21 | 112.11 | 2871.45 | 4251.09 |
1995 | 29.55 | 641.30 | 502.36 | 115.67 | 2541.80 | 3347.96 | 116.45 | 3621.77 | 4472.05 |
2000 | 32.20 | 806.57 | 518.93 | 128.43 | 3114.69 | 3422.67 | 123.36 | 4340.47 | 4858.30 |
2005 | 40.18 | 1136.36 | 523.04 | 169.82 | 4508.82 | 3424.32 | 185.57 | 5630.91 | 5101.31 |
2010 | 52.37 | 2283.93 | 525.25 | 202.08 | 10709.35 | 3472.37 | 222.17 | 10862.47 | 5531.11 |
2015 | 69.91 | 2690.37 | 540.75 | 264.23 | 11916.10 | 3549.51 | 313.79 | 12269.85 | 5733.52 |
Interviewee | Position | Enterprise Name | Type | Work Experience |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Associate professor | XX Jiaotong University 1 | Academic | 26 2 |
B | Full professor | XX Tiedao University | Academic | 25 |
C | Project manager | China Railway Construction Group Co.,Ltd. | Industry | 15 |
D | Project manager | China Communications construction company Ltd. | Industry | 16 |
E | Official director | XX Transport Commission | Government | 11 |
Code | Mean | Standard Deviation | Rank | Code | Mean | Standard Deviation | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F27 | 3.10 | 1.1105 | 1 | F32 | 2.94 | 1.3061 | 20 |
F09 | 3.07 | 1.5157 | 2 | F26 | 2.93 | 1.1185 | 21 |
F13 | 3.03 | 1.4820 | 3 | F06 | 2.92 | 1.2409 | 22 |
F37 | 3.02 | 1.1204 | 4 | F31 | 2.92 | 1.2503 | 23 |
F14 | 3.02 | 1.2757 | 5 | F20 | 2.91 | 0.9957 | 24 |
F04 | 3.01 | 1.2152 | 6 | F28 | 2.91 | 1.0524 | 25 |
F24 | 3.00 | 1.1310 | 7 | F33 | 2.91 | 1.2354 | 26 |
F30 | 3.00 | 1.2759 | 8 | F19 | 2.90 | 1.1815 | 27 |
F02 | 3.00 | 1.2940 | 9 | F35 | 2.90 | 1.2762 | 28 |
F08 | 3.00 | 1.2940 | 10 | F01 | 2.88 | 1.6804 | 29 |
F11 | 3.00 | 1.2940 | 11 | F03 | 2.87 | 1.2831 | 30 |
F05 | 2.99 | 1.3767 | 12 | F18 | 2.86 | 1.1326 | 31 |
F10 | 2.99 | 1.4587 | 13 | F16 | 2.85 | 1.0622 | 32 |
F12 | 2.98 | 1.1511 | 14 | F34 | 2.85 | 1.1260 | 33 |
F25 | 2.97 | 1.0052 | 15 | F36 | 2.85 | 1.2249 | 34 |
F23 | 2.97 | 1.0167 | 16 | F17 | 2.84 | 1.1700 | 35 |
F15 | 2.97 | 1.1149 | 17 | F21 | 2.80 | 1.1495 | 36 |
F29 | 2.95 | 1.0773 | 18 | F22 | 2.73 | 1.0391 | 37 |
F07 | 2.94 | 1.1847 | 19 |
Category | Code | Barriers |
---|---|---|
Macro environment | F02 | Excessive transport planning changes |
F04 | Fragmentation of administrative system | |
F05 | Lack of sustainable and effective policies | |
F08 | Macroeconomic downturn | |
F10 | Poor financial environment | |
F13 | Insufficient funding | |
Local environment | F09 | Weak support from economy |
F11 | High pressure of debt repayment | |
F12 | Heavy tax burden of construction firms | |
F30 | Lack of local R&D institutes and services | |
F32 | Complex topography and landform | |
F37 | Harsh regional climate | |
The construction process | F07 | Improper monitoring and control |
F14 | Cost overrun | |
F15 | Ineffective cost management | |
F23 | Obsolete technical standards | |
F24 | Multiple technical problems | |
F25 | Insufficient sharing and communication of technical experience | |
F27 | Difficulty in survey and design | |
F29 | Lack of innovative application |
Cluster | Initial Eigenvalues 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of Variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 11.030 | 55.148 | 55.148 |
2 | 1.698 | 8.488 | 63.636 |
3 | 1.357 | 6.786 | 70.422 |
Code | Factors | Cluster 1 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
F04 | Fragmentation of administrative system | 0.911 | - | - |
F05 | Lack of sustainable and effective policies | 0.812 | - | - |
F02 | Excessive transport planning changes | 0.790 | - | - |
F09 | Weak support from economy | 0.717 | - | - |
F07 | Improper monitoring and control | 0.685 | - | - |
F24 | Multiple technical problems | 0.684 | - | - |
F12 | Heavy tax burden of construction firms | 0.674 | - | - |
F10 | Poor financial environment | 0.659 | - | - |
F25 | Insufficient sharing and communication of technical experience | 0.637 | - | - |
F13 | Insufficient funding | 0.628 | - | - |
F23 | Obsolete technical standards | - | 0.822 | - |
F15 | Ineffective cost management | - | 0.775 | - |
F29 | Lack of innovative application | - | 0.688 | - |
F32 | Complex topography and landform | - | - | 0.926 |
F14 | Cost overrun | - | - | 0.738 |
F08 | Macroeconomic downturn | - | - | 0.650 |
F27 | Difficulty in survey and design | - | - | 0.635 |
F37 | Harsh regional climate | - | - | 0.563 |
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Nie, T.; Ye, K. Demystifying the Barriers to Transport Infrastructure Project Development in Fast Developing Regions: The Case of China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101915
Nie T, Ye K. Demystifying the Barriers to Transport Infrastructure Project Development in Fast Developing Regions: The Case of China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(10):1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101915
Chicago/Turabian StyleNie, Tianyi, and Kunhui Ye. 2017. "Demystifying the Barriers to Transport Infrastructure Project Development in Fast Developing Regions: The Case of China" Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101915