Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of Low-Cost Adsorbents
2.3. Pretreatment of Low-Cost Adsorbents
2.4. Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Algal Biotoxicity Assays
2.6. Adsorption Rate Constants
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Low-Cost Adsorbents
3.2. Analysis of Adsorption Capacity
3.3. Algal Biotoxicity of BDE-3 and BDE-15
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adsorbents | pH | pHzpc | FTIR | Particle Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
BT | 5.07 | 2.6 | O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, C-N | <0.149 mm |
A-BT | 4.86 | 2.6 | O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, C-N | <0.149 mm |
B-BT | 5.67 | 2.7 | O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, C-N | <0.149 mm |
S-BT | 5.07 | 2.8 | O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, C-N | <0.149 mm |
GT | 4.45 | 2.8 | O-H, C-H, C=O, N-H, C-O | <0.149 mm |
A-GT | 4.10 | 2.1 | O-H, C-H, C=O, N-H, C-O | <0.149 mm |
B-GT | 5.12 | 2.5 | O-H, C-H, C=O, N-H, C-O | <0.149 mm |
S-GT | 4.58 | 2.6 | O-H, C-H, C=O, N-H, C-O | <0.149 mm |
CT | 6.53 | 2.5 | COOH, O-H, C=O, C-H, N-H, C=C | <0.149 mm |
A-CT | 6.07 | 2.0 | COOH, O-H, C=O, C-H, N-H, C=C | <0.149 mm |
B-CT | 8.12 | 2.7 | COOH, O-H, C=O, C-H, N-H, C=C | <0.149 mm |
S-CT | 6.40 | 2.5 | COOH, O-H, C=O, C-H, N-H, C=C | <0.149 mm |
BDE-3 | BDE-15 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 g·L−1 | 0.002 g·L−1 | 0.01 g·L−1 | 0.002 g·L−1 | |
BT | 92.7 ± 4.43 | 91.4 ± 4.02 | 82.6 ± 3.71 | 81.5 ± 3.36 |
GT | 88.7 ± 4.57 | 89.4 ± 3.82 | 85.3 ± 4.03 | 82.4 ± 3.55 |
CT | 92.7 ± 4.86 | 83.5 ± 3.55 | 83.1 ± 4.17 | 81.2 ± 3.27 |
A-BT | 97.8 ± 4.95 | 95.2 ± 4.97 | 91.8 ± 3.79 | 85.3 ± 3.51 |
A-GT | 91.9 ± 4.41 | 91.3 ± 4.12 | 85.6 ± 4.15 | 84.2 ± 3.46 |
A-CT | 90.9 ± 4.03 | 85.3 ± 3.64 | 91.8 ± 4.14 | 75.3 ± 2.92 |
B-BT | 95.5 ± 5.04 | 92.4 ± 4.26 | 92.5 ± 4.39 | 91.4 ± 4.51 |
B-GT | 93.6 ± 4.38 | 90.4 ± 4.28 | 93.3 ± 4.45 | 91.6 ± 4.46 |
B-CT | 85.6 ± 3.83 | 82.3 ± 3.52 | 93.5 ± 4.78 | 81.4 ± 2.95 |
S-BT | 97.8 ± 5.53 | 97.3 ± 5.57 | 97.7 ± 5.34 | 97.2 ± 5.45 |
S-GT | 97.4 ± 5.31 | 92.2 ± 4.82 | 95.6 ± 4.98 | 97.1 ± 5.35 |
S-CT | 97.3 ± 5.45 | 95.5 ± 5.34 | 98.5 ± 5.56 | 95.3 ± 5.16 |
S-BT | S-GT | S-CT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDE-3 | BDE-15 | BDE-3 | BDE-15 | BDE-3 | BDE-15 | |
Initial concentration (mg·L−1) | 4.79 | 4.68 | 5.12 | 4.91 | 4.63 | 4.44 |
Weight of adsorbents (g·L−1) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
qe (mg·L−1) | 4.66 | 4.55 | 4.72 | 4.78 | 4.43 | 4.21 |
k2 (g·(mg·L−1)−1·s−1) | 2.57 × 10−2 | 6.61 × 10−2 | 8.16 × 10−3 | 6.04 × 10−2 | 2.52 × 10−2 | 2.84 × 10−2 |
r2 | 0.993 | 0.998 | 0.941 | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.996 |
Blank (without Any PBDEs) (μg·kg−1) | BDE-3 | BDE-15 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Adsorption (μg·kg−1) | After Adsorption (μg·kg−1) | Before Adsorption (μg·kg−1) | After Adsorption (μg·kg−1) | ||
BT | 1461 ± 24 | 1021 ± 14 | 1367 ± 16 | 696 ± 12 | 1343 ± 18 |
GT | 1511 ± 28 | 786 ± 8 | 1401 ± 13 | 568 ± 8 | 1278 ± 11 |
CT | 1507 ± 29 | 968 ± 12 | 1396 ± 14 | 556 ± 6 | 1253 ± 11 |
A-BT | 1503 ± 29 | 985 ± 12 | 1387 ± 13 | 658 ± 8 | 1264 ± 15 |
A-GT | 1488 ± 26 | 845 ± 12 | 1427 ± 15 | 548 ± 8 | 1254 ± 11 |
A-CT | 1472 ± 23 | 845 ± 11 | 1354 ± 13 | 651 ± 7 | 1278 ± 13 |
B-BT | 1531 ± 32 | 867 ± 11 | 1408 ± 14 | 632 ± 6 | 1298 ± 14 |
B-GT | 1521 ± 31 | 931 ± 14 | 1432 ± 15 | 632 ± 6 | 1308 ± 12 |
B-CT | 1481 ± 24 | 951 ± 11 | 1406 ± 14 | 598 ± 6 | 1346 ± 14 |
S-BT | 1459 ± 25 | 976 ± 12 | 1421 ± 18 | 678 ± 11 | 1401 ± 21 |
S-GT | 1473 ± 22 | 886 ± 11 | 1471 ± 21 | 641 ± 9 | 1394 ± 18 |
S-CT | 1463 ± 24 | 1011 ± 13 | 1457 ± 16 | 617 ± 9 | 1421 ± 18 |
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Chang, R.; Jien, S.-H.; Weng, C.-H.; Lee, T.-W.; Liao, C.-S. Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents. Sustainability 2017, 9, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010102
Chang R, Jien S-H, Weng C-H, Lee T-W, Liao C-S. Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents. Sustainability. 2017; 9(1):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010102
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Renin, Shih-Hao Jien, Chih-Huang Weng, Tsung-Wei Lee, and Chien-Sen Liao. 2017. "Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents" Sustainability 9, no. 1: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010102