Evolutionary Patterns of Renewable Energy Technology Development in East Asia (1990–2010)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Catching up and Leapfrogging
2.2. Indicator of Innovation Activities
3. Methodology
3.1. Data
3.2. Network Analysis
3.2.1. Network Structure Analysis
3.2.2. Network Centrality Analysis
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Evolution of Technology Network in Renewable Energy
4.2. Technology Level Catch-Up and Leapfrogging
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. IPC Codes for Generation Technologies
Description | IPC Code |
---|---|
Fossil fuel technologies in general | |
Production of fuel gases by carburetting air or other gases without pyrolysis | C10J |
Steam engine plants; steam accumulators; engine plants not otherwise provided for; engines using special working fluids or cycles | F01K |
Gas-turbine plants; air intakes for jet-propulsion plants; controlling fuel supply in air-breathing jet-propulsion plants | F02C |
Hot-gas or combustion-product positive-displacement engine; use of waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for | F02G |
Steam generation | F22 |
Combustion apparatus; combustion processes | F23 |
Furnaces; kilns; ovens; retorts | F27 |
Description | IPC Code |
---|---|
Coal gasification | |
Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels | C10J3 |
Improved burners | |
Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being fluent | F23C1 |
Combustion apparatus characterized by the arrangement or mounting of burners; disposition of burners to obtain a loop flame | F23C5/24 |
Combustion apparatus characterized by the combination of two or more combustion chambers | F23C6 |
Combustion apparatus characterized by the combination of two or more combustion chambers | F23B10 |
Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuel; combustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber | F23B30 |
Combustion apparatus characterized by means for returning solid combustion residues to the combustion chamber | F23B70 |
Combustion apparatus characterized by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel | F23B80 |
Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel | F23D1 |
Burners in which drops of liquid fuel impinge on a surface | F23D7 |
Burners for combustion simultaneously or alternatively of gaseous or liquid or pulverulent fuel | F23D17 |
Fluidized bed combustion | |
Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; apparatus for such processes; with liquid as a fluidizing medium | B01J8/20-22 |
Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; apparatus for such processes; according to “fluidized-bed” technique | B01J8/24-30 |
Fluidized bed furnaces; Other furnaces using or treating finely divided materials in dispersion | F27B15 |
Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidized bed of fuel or other particles | F23C10 |
Improved boilers for steam generation | |
Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus | F22B31 |
Steam generation plants, e.g., comprising steam boilers of different types in mutual association; combinations of low- and high-pressure boilers | F22B33/14-16 |
Improved steam engines | |
Plants characterized by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein | F01K3 |
Plants characterized by use of means for storing steam in an alkali to increase steam pressure, e.g., of Honigmann or Koenemann type | F01K5 |
Plants characterized by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids | F01K23 |
Super-heaters | |
Steam superheating characterized by heating method | F22G |
Improved gas turbines | |
Features, component parts, details or accessories; heating air supply before combustion, e.g., by exhaust gases | F02C7/08-105 |
Features, component parts, details or accessories; cooling of plants | F02C7/12-143 |
Features, component parts, details or accessories; preventing corrosion in gas-swept spaces | F02C7/30 |
Combined cycles | |
Plants characterized by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids; the engine cycles being thermally coupled | F01K23/02-10 |
Gas turbine plants characterized by the use of combustion products as the working fluid; using special fuel, oxidant or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products | F02C3/20-36 |
Plural gas-turbine plants; combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; supplying working fluid to a user, e.g., a chemical process, which returns working fluid to a turbine of the plant | F02C6/10-12 |
Improved compressed-ignition engines | |
Engines characterized by fuel-air mixture compression; with compression ignition | F02B1/12-14 |
Engines characterized by air compression and subsequent fuel addition; with compression ignition | F02B3/06-10 |
Engines characterized by the fuel-air charge being ignited by compression ignition of an additional fuel | F02B7 |
Engines characterized by both fuel-air mixture compression and air compression, or characterized by both positive ignition and compression ignition, e.g., in different cylinders | F02B11 |
Engines characterized by the introduction of liquid fuel into cylinders by use of auxiliary fluid; compression ignition engines using air or gas for blowing fuel into compressed air in cylinder | F02B13/02-04 |
Methods of operating air-compressing compression-ignition engines involving introduction of small quantities of fuel in the form of a fine mist into the air in the engine‘s intake | F02B49 |
Co-generation | |
Use of steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant; returning energy of steam, in exchanged form, to process, e.g., use of exhaust steam for drying solid fuel of plant | F01K17/06 |
Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy | F01K27 |
Plural gas-turbine plants; combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g., gas-turbine power heat plants | F02C6/18 |
Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines | F02G5 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using particular sources of energy; using waste heat, e.g., from internal-combustion engines | F25B27/02 |
Description | IPC Code |
---|---|
Wind | |
Wind motors with rotation axis substantially in wind direction | F03D1 |
Wind motors with rotation axis substantially at right angle to wind direction | F03D3 |
Wind motors with rotation axis substantially at right angle to wind direction | F03D5 |
Controlling wind motors | F03D7 |
Adaptations of wind motors for special use | F03D9 |
Details, component parts, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the other groups of this subclass | F03D11 |
Solar | |
Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy | F03G6 |
Use of solar heat, e.g., solar heat collectors | F24J2 |
Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor components sensitive to infra-red radiation, light-specially adapted for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy | H01L27/142 |
Semiconductor devices sensitive to infra-red radiation, light-adapted as conversion devices | H01L31/04-78 |
Generators in which light radiation is directly converted into electrical energy | H02N6 |
Aspects of roofing for energy collecting devices—e.g., incl. solar panels | E04D13/18 |
Geothermal | |
Production or use of heat, not derived from combustion-using natural or geothermal heat | F24J3 |
Devices for producing mechanical power from geothermal energy | F03G4 |
Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms-using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature | F03G7/04 |
Ocean | |
Tide or wave power plants | E02B9/08 |
Submerged units incorporating electric generators or motors characterized by using wave or tide energy | F03B13/10-26 |
Mechanical-power producing mechanisms-ocean thermal energy conversion | F03G7/05 |
Biomass and waste | |
Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin-animal or vegetable substances; sewage, town, or house refuse; industrial residues or waste materials | C10L5/40-48 |
Engines or plants operating on gaseous fuel generated from solid fuel, e.g., wood | F02B43/08 |
Liquid carbonaceous fuels | C10L1 |
Gaseous fuels | C10L3 |
Solid fuels | C10L5 |
Dumping solid waste | B09B1 |
Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless | B09B3 |
Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions | F23G5 |
Incinerators or other apparatus specially adapted for consuming specific waste or low grade fuels, e.g., chemicals | F23G7 |
Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy; use of waste heat; | F01K27 |
Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines | F02G5 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using particular sources of energy-using waste heat, e.g., from internal-combustion engines | F25B27/02 |
Plants or engines characterized by use of industrial or other waste gases | F01K25/14 |
Incineration of waste-recuperation of heat | F23G5/46 |
Appendix B. Evolution of Technology Network in Renewable Energy
Appendix C. Top 10 Ranked Technologies (1990–2010)
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Year | Number of Nodes | Number of Edges | Graph Density | Average Degree | Average Path Length | Diameter | Clustering Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 43 | 4493 | 2.49 | 208.98 | 2.12 | 5 | 0.54 |
1991 | 43 | 3940 | 2.18 | 183.26 | 2.16 | 5 | 0.54 |
1992 | 42 | 3639 | 2.11 | 173.29 | 2.13 | 5 | 0.58 |
1993 | 41 | 2766 | 1.69 | 134.93 | 2.33 | 6 | 0.58 |
1994 | 41 | 2056 | 1.25 | 100.29 | 2.27 | 6 | 0.50 |
1995 | 37 | 1452 | 1.09 | 78.49 | 2.41 | 6 | 0.56 |
1996 | 35 | 817 | 0.69 | 46.69 | 2.21 | 6 | 0.57 |
1997 | 35 | 920 | 0.77 | 52.57 | 2.04 | 5 | 0.53 |
1998 | 36 | 1424 | 1.13 | 79.11 | 2.21 | 6 | 0.53 |
1999 | 41 | 2428 | 1.48 | 118.44 | 2.19 | 5 | 0.54 |
2000 | 43 | 7309 | 4.05 | 339.95 | 2.09 | 5 | 0.61 |
2001 | 44 | 12,059 | 6.37 | 548.14 | 1.86 | 4 | 0.65 |
2002 | 42 | 2585 | 1.50 | 123.10 | 2.20 | 6 | 0.65 |
2003 | 41 | 5774 | 3.52 | 281.66 | 2.26 | 6 | 0.68 |
2004 | 43 | 14,884 | 8.24 | 692.28 | 1.84 | 4 | 0.70 |
2005 | 43 | 24,896 | 13.79 | 1157.95 | 1.75 | 4 | 0.71 |
2006 | 42 | 26,988 | 15.67 | 1285.14 | 1.76 | 4 | 0.71 |
2007 | 43 | 27,520 | 15.24 | 1280.00 | 1.78 | 5 | 0.70 |
2008 | 43 | 20,380 | 11.28 | 947.91 | 1.87 | 5 | 0.67 |
2009 | 42 | 12,583 | 7.31 | 599.19 | 1.93 | 5 | 0.64 |
2010 | 44 | 9166 | 4.84 | 416.64 | 2.00 | 5 | 0.63 |
Year | Number of Nodes | Number of Edges | Graph Density | Average Degree | Average Path Length | Diameter | Clustering Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 1 | 2 | 4.00 | ||||
1991 | 1 | 3 | 6.00 | ||||
1992 | 6 | 9 | 0.30 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.00 |
1993 | 5 | 19 | 0.95 | 7.60 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.60 |
1994 | 9 | 28 | 0.39 | 6.22 | 1.48 | 3 | 0.48 |
1995 | 4 | 8 | 0.67 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 1 | |
1996 | 19 | 53 | 0.15 | 5.58 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.38 |
1997 | 13 | 45 | 0.29 | 6.92 | 1.24 | 2 | 0.69 |
1998 | 16 | 42 | 0.18 | 5.25 | 1.13 | 2 | 0.45 |
1999 | 14 | 38 | 0.21 | 5.43 | 1.31 | 2 | 0.55 |
2000 | 23 | 97 | 0.19 | 8.43 | 1.30 | 2 | 0.32 |
2001 | 25 | 184 | 0.31 | 14.72 | 2.68 | 6 | 0.34 |
2002 | 32 | 362 | 0.36 | 22.63 | 2.35 | 6 | 0.38 |
2003 | 31 | 399 | 0.43 | 25.74 | 2.26 | 5 | 0.47 |
2004 | 33 | 351 | 0.33 | 21.27 | 2.10 | 5 | 0.53 |
2005 | 36 | 532 | 0.42 | 29.56 | 2.49 | 6 | 0.43 |
2006 | 39 | 1860 | 1.26 | 95.38 | 2.35 | 6 | 0.47 |
2007 | 41 | 2124 | 1.30 | 103.61 | 2.23 | 6 | 0.60 |
2008 | 38 | 1498 | 1.07 | 78.84 | 2.47 | 7 | 0.45 |
2009 | 40 | 2122 | 1.36 | 106.10 | 2.52 | 6 | 0.48 |
2010 | 42 | 2965 | 1.72 | 141.19 | 2.36 | 5 | 0.54 |
Year | Number of Nodes | Number of Edges | Graph Density | Average Degree | Average Path Length | Diameter | Clustering Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | |||||||
1991 | |||||||
1992 | |||||||
1993 | |||||||
1994 | 5 | 9 | 0.45 | 3.60 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.00 |
1995 | 4 | 13 | 1.08 | 6.50 | 1.00 | 1 | |
1996 | 5 | 21 | 1.05 | 8.40 | 1.00 | 1 | |
1997 | 11 | 31 | 0.28 | 5.64 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.60 |
1998 | 19 | 53 | 0.15 | 5.58 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.00 |
1999 | 11 | 36 | 0.33 | 6.55 | 1.00 | 1 | 0.00 |
2000 | 15 | 69 | 0.33 | 9.20 | 1.64 | 3 | 0.47 |
2001 | 18 | 93 | 0.30 | 10.33 | 1.36 | 2 | 0.43 |
2002 | 18 | 106 | 0.35 | 11.78 | 1.58 | 3 | 0.26 |
2003 | 20 | 110 | 0.29 | 11.00 | 1.45 | 3 | 0.00 |
2004 | 22 | 140 | 0.30 | 12.73 | 1.57 | 3 | 0.50 |
2005 | 26 | 248 | 0.38 | 19.08 | 1.93 | 4 | 0.29 |
2006 | 26 | 364 | 0.56 | 28.00 | 1.96 | 4 | 0.44 |
2007 | 38 | 870 | 0.62 | 45.79 | 3.07 | 9 | 0.50 |
2008 | 34 | 822 | 0.73 | 48.35 | 2.34 | 5 | 0.51 |
2009 | 36 | 1173 | 0.93 | 65.17 | 3.05 | 7 | 0.44 |
2010 | 42 | 2222 | 1.29 | 105.81 | 2.64 | 7 | 0.43 |
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Oh, Y.; Yoon, J.; Lee, J.-D. Evolutionary Patterns of Renewable Energy Technology Development in East Asia (1990–2010). Sustainability 2016, 8, 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080721
Oh Y, Yoon J, Lee J-D. Evolutionary Patterns of Renewable Energy Technology Development in East Asia (1990–2010). Sustainability. 2016; 8(8):721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080721
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Yoonhwan, Jungsub Yoon, and Jeong-Dong Lee. 2016. "Evolutionary Patterns of Renewable Energy Technology Development in East Asia (1990–2010)" Sustainability 8, no. 8: 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080721