Changes in CO2 Emissions Induced by Agricultural Inputs in China over 1991–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Collection and Methodology
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Total CF Variation over Time for Chinese Agricultural Production
3.2. Effects of Different Inputs on Total CF
3.3. Agricultural Output Value and Carbon Intensity
4. Discussion
4.1. CO2 Emissions and the Related Chinese Agricultural Policies
4.2. Agricultural Economy Development and Low Carbon Requirements
4.3. Uncertainty of Assessment of CO2 Emissions Induced by Agricultural Inputs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CF | Carbon footprint |
GHGs | Greenhouse gases |
CE | CO2 equivalents |
CIP | Carbon intensity in production |
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Emission Source | Emission Factor | Literature |
---|---|---|
N fertilizer | 1.74 t C t−1 N fertilizer | [25] |
P fertilizer | 0.2 t C t−1 P fertilizer | [9] |
K fertilizer | 0.15 t C t−1 K fertilizer | [9] |
N fertilizer-induced N2O | 0.0092 t N2O–N t−1 N fertilizer | [26] |
Pesticides | 6 t C t−1 pesticides | [9] |
Plastic film | 2.58 t C t−1 plastic film | [11] |
Raw coal | 0.52 t C t−1 raw coal | [27,28] |
Washed coal | 0.20 t C t−1 washed coal | [27,28] |
Coke | 0.78 t C t−1 coke | [27,28] |
Gasoline | 0.80 t C t−1 gasoline | [27,28] |
Diesel | 0.84 t C t−1 diesel | [27,28] |
Electricity * | 0.23–0.18 t C MW−1h−1 | [24] |
Period | Output Value (TCNY *) | Mean CF (Mt CE) | CIP (kg CE CNY−1) | Proportion by N Fertilizer (%) | Proportion by Energy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991–1999 | 1.13 | 104.59 | 0.095 | 61.59 | 27.86 |
2000–2007 | 1.81 | 136.01 | 0.076 | 55.82 | 32.33 |
2008–2014 | 2.59 | 148.79 | 0.058 | 58.67 | 27.08 |
1991–2014 | 1.78 | 127.96 | 0.078 | 58.81 | 29.12 |
N | N-N2O | P | K | Pesticides | Plastic Film | Raw Coal | Washed Coal | Coke | Gasoline | Diesel | Electricity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991–1999 | 36.76 | 24.82 | 1.59 | 0.69 | 5.93 | 2.34 | 7.92 | 0.05 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 6.65 | 11.52 |
Rate | 1.43 | 1.43 | 3.62 | 9.00 | 5.18 | 7.38 | −6.83 | −2.00 | 8.88 | −6.36 | −4.47 | −0.72 |
2000–2007 | 33.32 | 22.50 | 1.65 | 0.93 | 6.17 | 3.10 | 7.36 | 0.04 | 0.65 | 1.24 | 10.07 | 12.97 |
Rate | −0.91 | −0.91 | 0.57 | 3.00 | 0.47 | 2.33 | 2.03 | 0.43 | −6.70 | 1.18 | 2.13 | 0.95 |
2008–2014 | 35.02 | 23.65 | 1.94 | 1.23 | 7.12 | 3.96 | 6.48 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.99 | 7.22 | 12.08 |
Rate | −0.74 | −0.74 | 0.34 | 1.18 | -0.87 | 1.68 | 6.78 | 4.98 | −6.14 | 2.48 | 2.57 | −1.10 |
1991–2014 | 35.11 | 23.71 | 1.71 | 0.93 | 6.36 | 3.07 | 7.31 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 1.10 | 7.96 | 12.17 |
Rate | −0.10 | −0.10 | 1.81 | 6.49 | 1.61 | 5.66 | −1.22 | 1.44 | −1.66 | −1.02 | −0.08 | −0.11 |
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Wang, X. Changes in CO2 Emissions Induced by Agricultural Inputs in China over 1991–2014. Sustainability 2016, 8, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050414
Wang X. Changes in CO2 Emissions Induced by Agricultural Inputs in China over 1991–2014. Sustainability. 2016; 8(5):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050414
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiuhong. 2016. "Changes in CO2 Emissions Induced by Agricultural Inputs in China over 1991–2014" Sustainability 8, no. 5: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050414