How Does Car Parking Availability and Public Transport Accessibility Influence Work-Related Travel Behaviors?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Auckland Region Profile
2.3. Questionnaire Design
2.4. Urban Design Measures
2.4.1. Perceived car parking availability
2.4.2. Residential access to public transport
2.4.3. Worksite location
2.4.4. Commute distance
2.5. Travel Measures
2.5.1. Travel mode
2.5.2. Access to a private automobile
2.5.3. Driver’s license
2.5.4. Automobile requirements for work
2.5.6. Public transport accessibility
2.6. Health Measures
2.6.1. Physical activity classification
2.6.2. Body mass index
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
n | Use public transport to commute to work (%) | OR* | 95% CI | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | 0.01 | |||||
Single | 257 | 22 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
Married / de facto | 797 | 10 | 0.53 | (0.35, 0.81) | ||
Divorced / separated / widowed | 132 | 8 | 0.50 | (0.23, 1.09) | ||
Annual household income (NZ$) | 0.85 | |||||
< $40,000 | 170 | 12 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
$40,000 - $80,000 | 393 | 11 | 0.83 | (0.49, 1.43) | ||
$80,001 - $120,000 | 304 | 10 | 0.83 | (0.47, 1.46) | ||
> $120,000 | 206 | 17 | 0.76 | (0.41, 1.42) | ||
Not reported | 115 | 14 | - | - | ||
Ethnicity | 0.65 | |||||
European / Pakeha | 989 | 11 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
Maori | 47 | 15 | 1.18 | (0.51, 2.72) | ||
Pacific Island | 15 | 20 | 1.47 | (0.44, 4.93) | ||
Asian | 87 | 20 | 1.53 | (0.86, 2.71) | ||
Other | 45 | 11 | 1.03 | (0.41, 2.58) | ||
Chronic illness | 0.69 | |||||
Yes | 211 | 12 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
No | 977 | 12 | 0.91 | (0.57, 1.45) | ||
Body mass index | 0.84 | |||||
Underweight / normal weight | 608 | 13 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
Overweight | 386 | 11 | 1.01 | (0.67, 1.51) | ||
Obese | 154 | 10 | 0.84 | (0.47, 1.52) | ||
Physical activity levels | 0.55 | |||||
Insufficiently active | 391 | 13 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
Sufficiently active | 796 | 12 | 0.90 | (0.62, 1.29) | ||
Minutes spent walking / week | 0.02 | |||||
0 – 30 | 323 | 11 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
31 - 100 | 273 | 10 | 0.85 | (0.50, 1.46) | ||
101 - 210 | 306 | 17 | 1.75 | (1.10, 2.78) | ||
> 210 | 286 | 10 | 1.03 | (0.62, 1.69) |
Univariate model | Multivariate model | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Use public transport to commute to work (%) | OR* | 95% CI | p-value | OR§ | 95% CI | p-value | ||
Urban design measures | |||||||||
Access car parking near workplace | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Yes | 121 | 38 | 5.44 | (3.52, 8.31) | 3.08 | (1.74, 5.45) | |||
No | 1057 | 10 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Residential accessibility to a public transport stop within | <0.001 | 0.01 | |||||||
0–100 meters | 299 | 15 | 2.70 | (1.52, 4.79) | 1.41 | (0.68, 2.89) | |||
101–200 meters | 267 | 17 | 3.22 | (3.22, 5.75) | 2.98 | (1.46, 6.09) | |||
201–400 meters | 334 | 11 | 1.89 | (1.04, 3.40) | 1.49 | (0.71, 3.10) | |||
>400 meters | 287 | 6 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Work location | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
North Shore City | 662 | 7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Auckland CBD | 273 | 35 | 8.01 | (5.34, 12.02) | 12.71 | (7.47, 21.61) | |||
Wider Auckland region | 253 | 2 | 0.22 | (0.08, 0.63) | 0.44 | (0.14, 1.32) | |||
Distance between residence and workplace | <0.001 | NS | |||||||
0–5 kilometers | 305 | 7 | 1.00 | Referent | - | - | |||
6–10 kilometers | 381 | 12 | 1.81 | (1.07, 3.06) | - | - | |||
11–15 kilometers | 243 | 24 | 4.25 | (2.53, 7.16) | - | - | |||
>15 kilometers | 258 | 6 | 0.83 | (0.42, 1.61) | - | - | |||
Travel measures | |||||||||
Access to private automobile | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Unrestricted | 1015 | 8 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Frequent | 129 | 26 | 3.74 | (2.38, 5.88) | 2.95 | (1.62. 5.37) | |||
Limited | 26 | 54 | 10.49 | (4.73, 23.28) | 9.71 | (3.70, 25.48) | |||
None | 18 | 61 | 16.25 | (6.15, 42.96) | 14.21 | (3.73, 54.12) | |||
Travel measures | |||||||||
Hold current driver’s license | |||||||||
No | 32 | 56 | 8.41 | (4.06, 17.40) | 4.74 | (1.71,13.16) | |||
Yes | 1156 | 11 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Require automobile for work | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||
No requirements | 615 | 19 | 17.20 | (5.42, 54.63) | 7.67 | (2.29, 25.64) | |||
Car required for work | 363 | 7 | 5.67 | (1.71, 18.82) | 3.64 | (1.03, 12.87) | |||
Access to a company car | 210 | 1 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Perceive public transport as accessible | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Disagree | 232 | 7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | |||
Neutral | 122 | 5 | 0.60 | (0.23, 1.54) | 0.38 | (0.11, 1.37) | |||
Agree | 796 | 15 | 2.31 | (1.38, 3.87) | 2.59 | (1.34, 5.03) | |||
Don’t know | 38 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.04, 2.42) | 0.66 | (0.08, 5.74) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Badland, H.M.; Garrett, N.; Schofield, G.M. How Does Car Parking Availability and Public Transport Accessibility Influence Work-Related Travel Behaviors? Sustainability 2010, 2, 576-590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2020576
Badland HM, Garrett N, Schofield GM. How Does Car Parking Availability and Public Transport Accessibility Influence Work-Related Travel Behaviors? Sustainability. 2010; 2(2):576-590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2020576
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadland, Hannah M., Nick Garrett, and Grant M. Schofield. 2010. "How Does Car Parking Availability and Public Transport Accessibility Influence Work-Related Travel Behaviors?" Sustainability 2, no. 2: 576-590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2020576