Experimental Study on Gaseous Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Red-Bed Mudstone in Central Sichuan, China under Different Relative Humidity Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Red-Bed Mudstone
2.1. Stratum Lithologic
2.2. Mineral Composition and Microstructure
2.3. Structural Characteristics of Pores and Fissures in Initial Sample
2.4. Evaluation of Swelling Properties of Undistributed Rock
3. Gaseous Moisture Absorption-Swelling Test
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Gaseous Moisture Absorption-Swelling Law
4.1.1. Changes in Moisture Absorption Rate over Time
4.1.2. Changes in Swelling Strain over Time
4.1.3. Coordination Analysis of Moisture Absorption and Swelling
4.2. Effect of RH on the Gaseous Moisture Absorption and Swelling Properties
4.2.1. Gaseous Moisture Absorption Law at Different RHs
4.2.2. Variation of Swelling Strain at Different RHs
4.3. Soil–Water Characteristic Curve of Red-Bed Mudstone under High Suction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Group | Mineral Content (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Montmorillonite | Illite | Quartz | Albite | Kaolinite | Calcite | Hematite | |
1 | 19.67 | 15.36 | 35.32 | 18.11 | 5.12 | 4.75 | 1.66 |
2 | 20.14 | 14.54 | 38.63 | 20.54 | 4.88 | — | 1.27 |
Project (Weiyuan) | Natural Density (g/cm3) | Natural Water Content (%) | Saturated Absorbed Water Ratio (%) | Free Swelling Strain (%) | Vertica Swelling Strain (%) | Vertical Swelling Force (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of samples | 14 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 7 |
Maximum | 2.62 | 3.40 | 11.48 | 29.2 | 3.42 | 1558.9 |
Minimum | 2.54 | 2.60 | 6.07 | 6.3 | 0.78 | 152.3 |
Average | 2.58 | 2.77 | 9.47 | 13.2 | 1.99 | 739.1 |
RH/% | Saturated Salt Solution | Environmental Temperature/°C | Matric Suction /MPa | Initial State of Sample | Sample Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
99 | K2SO4 | 25 | 1.38 | 65 °C drying sample | XS-1, PZ-1 |
85 | KCl | 22.32 | XS-2, PZ-2 | ||
70 | KI | 48.98 | XS-3, PZ-3 | ||
60 | NaBr | 70.34 | XS-4, PZ-4 |
Intermittent Phase | Duration (h) | Average Moisture Absorption Rate (%/h) | Time Point (h) |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 1 | 0.0396 | 0 |
T2 | 2 | 0.0285 | 9 |
T3 | 6 | 0.0092 | 97 |
T4 | 6 | 0.0053 | 198 |
T5 | 7 | 0.0030 | 312.5 |
T6 | 7 | 0.0014 | 364.3 |
T7 | 13 | 0.0002 | 563.3 |
T8 | 30 | 0.0003 | 701.6 |
Moisture Absorption Stage | Duration (h) | Proportion of Time (%) | Moisture Absorption Ratio (%) | Proportion of Moisture Absorption (%) | Average Moisture Absorption Rate (%/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapid moisture absorption | 0~84 | 5.35 | 1.58 | 40 | 0.0190 |
Decelerated moisture absorption | 84~320 | 15.03 | 3.15 | 40 | 0.0067 |
Slow moisture absorption | 320~1570 | 79.62 | 3.94 | 20 | 0.0006 |
Swelling stage | Duration (h) | Proportion of time (%) | Swelling strain (%) | Proportion of swelling (%) | Average swelling rate (%/h) |
Rapid swelling | 0~84 | 5.43 | 0.064 | 15.7 | 0.00070 |
Intermittent swelling | 84~730 | 41.78 | 0.290 | 56.2 | 0.00035 |
Decelerated swelling | 730~1546 | 52.78 | 0.406 | 28.1 | 0.00014 |
RH/% | Moisture Balance Time t/h | w(∞, RH)/% | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
99 | 1570 | 3.94 | 193.0 | 0.99 |
85 | 311 | 2.28 | 103.0 | 0.99 |
70 | 150 | 1.75 | 61.8 | 0.98 |
60 | 135 | 1.31 | 39.3 | 0.96 |
RH/% | t’/h | /% |
---|---|---|
99 | 1546 | 0.406 |
85 | 407 | 0.140 |
70 | 145 | 0.112 |
60 | 110 | 0.018 |
nth Intermittent Swelling | Intermittent Duration (h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
RH = 99% | RH = 85% | RH = 70% | RH = 60% | |
T1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2 | 2.5 |
T2 | 2 | 3.9 | 4 | 6.1 |
T3 | 6 | 14.5 | 15 | 23.7 |
T4 | 6 | 47.5 | — | — |
T5 | 7 | 23 | — | — |
T6 | 7 | — | — | — |
T7 | 13 | — | — | — |
T8 | 30 | — | — | — |
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Yu, F.; Tong, K.; Fu, Z.; Dai, Z.; Li, J.; Huang, K. Experimental Study on Gaseous Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Red-Bed Mudstone in Central Sichuan, China under Different Relative Humidity Environments. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512063
Yu F, Tong K, Fu Z, Dai Z, Li J, Huang K. Experimental Study on Gaseous Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Red-Bed Mudstone in Central Sichuan, China under Different Relative Humidity Environments. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):12063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512063
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Fei, Kaiwen Tong, Zhenghao Fu, Zhangjun Dai, Jian Li, and Kang Huang. 2023. "Experimental Study on Gaseous Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Red-Bed Mudstone in Central Sichuan, China under Different Relative Humidity Environments" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 12063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512063