Grid Load Shifting and Performance Assessments of Residential Efficient Energy Technologies, a Case Study in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objective and Motivation
2.1. Location Scenario
2.2. Data Resources
2.3. Motivation
3. High Efficiency Technologies
3.1. Heat Pump Water Heaters
3.2. EV (V2H)
3.3. On-Site Generators
4. Analysis and Results
4.1. Impacts on Grid
4.2. Economic Performance
5. Conclusions
- Aggregated heat pump and V2G systems can effectively be used for grid peak load leveling, heat pump water heaters can flexibly shift heating demand to the early morning to bottom-up the grid valley load, daily power consumption of heat pumps vary from 4.0 kWh to 10.0 kWh over the year. Scheduled V2G can effectively cover the night peak load via an optimal discharging strategy.
- Due to limited heating demand, fuel cells hardly run and have nominal output during the summer period. Fuel cells contribute more to customer electricity load under higher heating demand, and it can be used as a reliable peak power resource, independent of the weather conditions. PV production coincides with the grid peak period in summer and presents high peak capacity credit, and PV generating ability shows great variations among days over a year.
- Heat pump provides the opportunity to reduce CO2 emission 0.40 kg/(kW·day) via reducing fuel consumption, EV systems with 2.5 kW charging capacity produce around $ 3.2/day profit through replacing gasoline consumption, and achieve economic benefits within six years. Heat pump water heater systems have a relatively longer payback period (10 years) in the current energy market, the feasibility of the on-site cogeneration system still highly depends on access to capacity subsidies under the current energy market in Japan, despite its higher CO2 reduction, 1.76 kg/(kW·day).
- Different technologies show different roles in load leveling An optimal mix plan and coordinates management strategies are important to regulate local or community energy systems, 500,000 contributions from scheduled EVs and fuel cells could serve as 5.0% of reliable peak power capacity at 20:00 in winter.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Electrical vehicles | EVs |
Greenhouse gas | GHG |
Variable renewable energy | VRE |
Photovoltaic | PV |
Vehicle to home | V2H |
Vehicle to grid | V2G |
Home energy management system | HEMS |
Ministry of economy, trade and industry | METI |
Coefficient of performance | COP |
Fuel cell | FC |
Heat pump | HP |
Net present value | NPV |
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Variables | Value |
---|---|
Annual COP of heat pump | 3.4 |
Daily heat pump power consumption | 5.5 kWh (30% of average daily load) |
Cost of heat pump | 8000 $ (4.5 kW, 370 L tank) |
PV feed-in tariff | 0.25 $/kWh |
PV cost | 1000 $/kW |
Gas pricing | 1.86 $/Nm3 |
Lower Heating Value | 45 MJ/Nm3 |
Oil Pricing | 1.18 $/L |
EV car consumption | 9.5 km/kWh (electricity), 12.5 km/L (Oil) |
EV battery cost | 1200 $/kW |
Fuel cell efficiency | Electricity 39%, thermal 46% |
Fuel cell cost | 13,000 $ (0.70 kW nominal output) |
Gas boiler | Thermal efficiency 85% |
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Share and Cite
Li, Y.; Gao, W.; Ruan, Y.; Ushifusa, Y. Grid Load Shifting and Performance Assessments of Residential Efficient Energy Technologies, a Case Study in Japan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072117
Li Y, Gao W, Ruan Y, Ushifusa Y. Grid Load Shifting and Performance Assessments of Residential Efficient Energy Technologies, a Case Study in Japan. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072117
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yanxue, Weijun Gao, Yingjun Ruan, and Yoshiaki Ushifusa. 2018. "Grid Load Shifting and Performance Assessments of Residential Efficient Energy Technologies, a Case Study in Japan" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072117