Ohio LEED Schools and Academic Performance: A Panel Study, 2006–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
School Building Conditions, Academic Performance, and LEED
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Matching
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Model Estimation Technique
ln(Student-Teacher Ratioit) + β4 LEEDi + β5 Post-Openingt + βDID LEEDi × Post-
Openingt + eit
Teacher Ratioit) + β4 ln(%Economically Disadvantagedit) + β5 ln(Attendance Rateit)
+ β6 ln(Total Enrollmentit) + β7% Blackit + β8% Hispanicit + β9 ln(Median Teacher
Salaryit) + β10 LEEDi + β11 Post-Openingt + βDID LEEDi × Post-Openingt + eit
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | PY 2010 Partial Model | PY 2010 Full Model | PY 2011 Partial Model | PY 2011 Full Model | PY 2013 Partial Model | PY 2013 Full Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ln (% Female) | 0.126 (0.068) | 0.125 (0.070) | 0.114 (0.067) | 0.124 (0.069) | 0.066 (0.063) | 0.090 (0.067) |
ln (Classroom Expenditures Per Pupil) | −0.270 *** (0.038) | −0.098 * (0.040) | −0.251 *** (0.036) | −0.105 ** (0.040) | −0.204 *** (0.034) | −0.101 ** (0.037) |
ln (Student-Teacher Ratio) | −0.017 (0.036) | −0.014 (0.034) | −0.010 (0.035) | −0.014 (0.032) | −0.004 (0.032) | −0.012 (0.029) |
ln (% Economically Disadvantaged) | −0.044 *** (0.008) | −0.035 *** (0.008) | −0.019 * (0.008) | |||
ln (Attendance Rate) | 2.585 *** (0.693) | 2.520 *** (0.679) | 2.168 *** (0.631) | |||
ln (Total Enrollment) | 0.007 (0.013) | 0.007 (0.012) | 0.010 (0.012) | |||
% Black | −0.229 *** (0.038) | −0.239 *** (0.036) | −0.259 *** (0.035) | |||
% Hispanic | −0.533 *** (0.150) | −0.426 ** (0.147) | −0.184 (0.138) | |||
ln (Median Teacher Salary) | 0.086 * (0.039) | 0.099 * (0.038) | 0.094 * (0.037) | |||
Post-Opening | −0.009 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.010) | −0.028 ** (0.009) | −0.022 * (0.009) | −0.065 *** (0.010) | −0.059 *** (0.010) |
LEED | −0.012 (0.019) | −0.014 (0.014) | −0.012 (0.019) | −0.012 (0.013) | −0.011 (0.020) | −0.007 (0.013) |
Post-Opening*LEED | −0.004 (0.012) | 0.009 (0.012) | −0.003 (0.012) | 0.008 (0.012) | −0.003 (0.014) | −0.001 (0.014) |
R2 within | 0.041 | 0.161 | 0.073 | 0.171 | 0.203 | 0.268 |
R2 between | 0.437 | 0.792 | 0.441 | 0.791 | 0.441 | 0.777 |
R2 overall | 0.324 | 0.630 | 0.329 | 0.632 | 0.335 | 0.646 |
N | 919 | 913 | 919 | 913 | 919 | 913 |
Mean Observations | 10 | 9.9 | 10 | 9.9 | 10 | 9.9 |
References
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Sustainability Primer. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/sustainability_primer_v9.pdf (accessed on 18 October 2018).
- United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED for Schools for New Construction and Major Renovations; USGBC: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Hennick, C. Head of the Class. Available online: http://plus.usgbc.org/head-of-the-class-2/ (accessed on 18 October 2018).
- Ohio Facilities Construction Commission. Ohio School Design Manual; OFCC: Columbus, OH, USA, 2015; Volume 2.
- Ohio Facilities Construction Commission. Classroom Facilities Assistance Program; OFCC: Columbus, OH, USA, 2015.
- Al horr, Y.; Arif, M.; Katafygiotou, M.; Mazroei, A.; Kaushik, A.; Elsarrag, E. Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2016, 5, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Earthman, G.I.; Cash, C.S.; Van Berkum, D. A Statewide Study of Student Achievement and Behavior and School Building Condition; ERIC (Education Resources Information Center): Fargo, ND, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Cash, C.S. Building Condition and Student Achievement and Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Hines, E.W. Building Condition and Student Achievement and Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- McGuffey, C.W. Facilities. In Improving Educational Standards and Productivity; Walberg, H.J., Ed.; McCutchan Pub. Corp: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1982; pp. 237–288. [Google Scholar]
- Lanham, J.W. Relating Building and Classroom Conditions to Student Achievement in Virginia’s Elementary Schools; Virginia Tech: Blacksburg, VA, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Earthman, G.I. Prioritization of 31 Criteria for School Building Adequacy; American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Maryland: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Schneider, M. Do School Facilities Affect Academic Outcomes? National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities: Washington, DC, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Durán-Narucki, V. School building condition, school attendance, and academic achievement in New York City public schools: A mediation model. J. Environ. Psychol. 2008, 28, 278–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berner, M.M. Building Conditions, Parental Involvement, and Student Achievement in the District of Columbia Public School System. Urban Educ. 1993, 28, 6–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uline, C.; Tschannen-Moran, M. The walls speak: The interplay of quality facilities, school climate, and student achievement. J. Educ. Adm. 2008, 46, 55–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neilson, C.A.; Zimmerman, S.D. The effect of school construction on test scores, school enrollment, and home prices. J. Public Econ. 2014, 120, 18–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baker, L.; Bernstein, H. The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance: A Call for Research; Mcgraw-Hill Research Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Picus, L.O.; Marion, S.F.; Calvo, N.; Glenn, W.J. Understanding the Relationship between Student Achievement and the Quality of Educational Facilities: Evidence from Wyoming. Peabody J. Educ. 2005, 80, 71–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowers, A.J.; Urick, A. Does High School Facility Quality Affect Student Achievement? A Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Model. J. Educ. Financ. 2011, 37, 72–94. [Google Scholar]
- Martorell, P.; Stange, K.; McFarlin, I. Investing in schools: Capital spending, facility conditions, and student achievement. J. Public Econ. 2016, 140, 13–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Research Council (NRC). Green Schools: Attributes for Health and Learning; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Magzamen, S.; Mayer, A.P.; Barr, S.; Bohren, L.; Dunbar, B.; Manning, D.; Reynolds, S.J.; Schaeffer, J.W.; Suter, J.; Cross, J.E. A Multidisciplinary Research Framework on Green Schools: Infrastructure, Social Environment, Occupant Health, and Performance. J. Sch. Health 2017, 87, 376–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, S.D. The Impact of Sustainable Design on Educational Outcomes in Ohio’s K-12 Public Schools (Working Paper); USGBC-Central Ohio: Columbus, OH, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Altomonte, S.; Schiavon, S. Occupant satisfaction in LEED and non-LEED certified buildings. Build. Environ. 2013, 68, 66–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thatcher, A.; Milner, K. Is a green building really better for building occupants? A longitudinal evaluation. Build. Environ. 2016, 108, 194–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohio Department of Education. Ohio Department of Education Reports Home [Data File]. Available online: http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Data/Frequently-Requested-Data/District-and-Building-Data (accessed on 18 October 2018).
- Van Der Like, R.; Meehan, P. Existing Schools Project Management Guide; USGBC: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Ghent, C.; Trauth-Nare, A.; Dell, K.; Haines, S. The Influence of a Statewide Green School Initiative on Student Achievement in K–12 Classrooms. Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 2014, 13, 250–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartosh, O.; Tudor, M.; Ferguson, L.; Taylor, C. Improving Test Scores Through Environmental Education: Is It Possible? Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 2006, 5, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, L.B. The Teaching Green School Building: A framework for linking architecture and environmental education. Environ. Educ. Res. 2014, 20, 836–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
LEED Schools | Non-LEED Schools | ||
---|---|---|---|
- Arbor ES (Euclid City) - Arrowood ES (Xenia City) - Austinburg ES (Geneva City) - Barberton East ES (Barberton) - Barberton West ES (Barberton) - Bellevue ES (Bellevue City) - Bellevue MS (Bellevue City) - Bloom Carroll MS (Bloom Carroll) - Bluestone ES (Euclid City) - Buchtel CLC (Akron) - Chardon Hills ES (Euclid City) - Clinton ES (Columbus) - Columbus Grove ES (Columbus Grove) - Columbus Grove MS (Columbus Grove) - Columbus Grove HS (Columbus Grove) - Cork ES (Geneva City) - Edgewood HS (Edgewood) - Fairfield ES (Pickerington) - Franklin-Monroe ES (Franklin-Monroe) - Franklin-Monroe HS (Franklin-Monroe) - Georgian Heights ES (Columbus) - Graham HS (Graham Local) - Greeneview MS (Greeneview Local) - Isham ES (Wadsworth City) - Liberty ES (Columbus) - Louisville HS (Louisville) | - Maple Heights HS (Maple Heights) - McGuffey ES (Newark City) - McKinely ES (Xenia City) - Midview MS (Midview Local) - Mt. Washington ES (Cincinnati) - Olde Orchard ES (Columbus) - Ostego ES (Otsego Local) - Oyler School (Cincinnati) - Overlook ES (Wadsworth City) - Pickerington ES (Pickerington Local) - Pickett ES (Toledo) - Shoreview ES (Euclid City) - Talawanda HS (Talawanda) - Tecumseh ES (Xenia City) - Valley View ES (Wadsworth City) - Van Wert ES (Van Wert City) - Violet ES (Pickerington Local) - Wayne HS (Huber Heights) - Westwood ES (Cincinnati) - Woodsfield (Switzerland of Ohio Local) | - Akron East CLC (Akron) - Arcanum ES (Arcanum-Butler) - Arcanum HS (Arcanum-Butler) - Bedford HS (Bedford) - Betty Jane CLC (Akron) - Binns ES (Columbus) - Caledonia ES (East Cleveland) - CF Holiday ES (West Carrollton) - Cherry Valley ES (Newark) - Clinton-Massie MS (Clinton-Massie) - Covedale ES (Cincinnati) - Mt. Airy ES (Cincinnati) - Elmwood ES (Elmwood) - Fairfield Union Rushville MS (Fairfield Union) - Franklin ES (Delphos) - Franklin ES (Wadsworth) - Greenon HS (Greenon) - Hale ES (Riverside) - Harold Schnell ES (West Carrollton) - Heritage ES (Medina) - Heritage ES (Pickerington) - Indian Springs ES (Columbus) - Keystone MS (Keystone) - League ES (Norwalk) - Lincoln ES (Gahanna-Lincoln) | - Lincoln ES (Wadsworth City) - Main ES (Beavercreek) - Marlington HS (Marlington) - Matamoras ES (Frontier Local) - Mt. Airy ES (Cincinnati) - Noble ES (Cleveland Heights- University Heights) - Norwalk MS (Norwalk) - Pandora-Gilboa ES (Pandora-Gilboa) - Pandora-Gilboa MS (Pandora-Gilboa) - Pandora-Gilboa HS (Pandora-Gilboa) - Richmond Heights ES (Richmond Heights) - Ritzman ES (Akron) - Riverview East Academy (Cincinnati) - Rock Creek ES (Jefferson Area Local) - Rosa Parks ES (Toledo) - Ross HS (Ross) - Rowland ES (South Euclid/Lyndhurst) - Shady Lane ES (Columbus) - Springfield HS (Springfield) - William Henry Harrison HS (Southwest Local) - Winchester Trail ES (Canal Winchester) - Woodcrest ES (Columbus) |
LEED Schools | Non-LEED Schools | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Student Performance Index (SPI) | 91.9 | 12.4 | 92.3 | 11.9 | 0.64 |
Percent Economically Disadvantaged | 47.4% | 0.27 | 48.6% | 0.28 | 0.53 |
Attendance | 94.5% | 0.01 | 94.6% | 0.01 | 0.48 |
Enrollment | 527.8 | 303.3 | 491.8 | 295.1 | 0.07 |
Female *** | 48.6% | 0.02 | 48.1% | 0.03 | 0.00 |
Black | 22.8% | 0.33 | 22% | 0.31 | 0.71 |
White | 69.1% | 0.33 | 69.4% | 0.33 | 0.87 |
Hispanic | 1.8% | 0.03 | 2.1% | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Classroom Instruction Per Pupil Expenditures ** | $7044.7 | 1415.6 | $7321.0 | 1665.8 | 0.01 |
Median Teacher Salary | $56,938.2 | 8889.9 | $57,126.5 | 9554.8 | 0.76 |
Student-Teacher Ratio *** | 18.1 | 3.1 | 17.1 | 2.8 | 0.00 |
Number of Schools | 46 | 46 | |||
Total Observations | 460 | 460 |
Variables | Partial Model | Full Model |
---|---|---|
ln (% Female) | 0.097 (0.64) | 0.116 (0.068) |
ln (Classroom Expenditures Per Pupil) | −0.245 *** (0.36) | −0.126 ** (0.040) |
ln (Student-Teacher Ratio) | −0.008 (0.33) | −0.015 (0.030) |
ln (% Economically Disadvantaged) | −0.025 ** (0.008) | |
ln (Attendance Rate) | 2.391 *** (0.650) | |
ln (Total Enrollment) | 0.011 (0.012) | |
% Black | −0.243 *** (0.035) | |
% Hispanic | −0.276 (0.143) | |
ln (Median Teacher Salary) | 0.108 ** (0.038) | |
Post-Opening | −0.045 *** (0.010) | −0.039 *** (0.010) |
LEED | −0.012 (0.019) | −0.009 (0.013) |
Post-Opening × LEED | −0.004 (0.013) | 0.002 (0.012) |
R2 within | 0.130 | 0.208 |
R2 between | 0.441 | 0.785 |
R2 overall | 0.339 | 0.637 |
N | 919 | 913 |
Mean Observations | 10 | 9.9 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Thombs, R.P.; Prindle, A. Ohio LEED Schools and Academic Performance: A Panel Study, 2006–2016. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103783
Thombs RP, Prindle A. Ohio LEED Schools and Academic Performance: A Panel Study, 2006–2016. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103783
Chicago/Turabian StyleThombs, Ryan P., and Allen Prindle. 2018. "Ohio LEED Schools and Academic Performance: A Panel Study, 2006–2016" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103783