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Volume 11
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10.3390/v11090814
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Article

Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011–2018

by
Carla Veo
1,2,
Carla della Ventura
1,
Ana Moreno
3,
Francesca Rovida
4,
Elena Percivalle
4,
Sabrina Canziani
3,
Debora Torri
3,
Mattia Calzolari
3,
Fausto Baldanti
4,
Massimo Galli
1,2 and
Gianguglielmo Zehender
1,2,*
1
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L.Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milano, Italy
2
CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20157 Milano, Italy
3
Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
4
Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2019, 11(9), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090814
Submission received: 30 July 2019 / Revised: 22 August 2019 / Accepted: 26 August 2019 / Published: 3 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue West Nile Virus 2019)
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Abstract

Lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) caused a vast epidemic in Europe in 2018, with the highest incidence being recorded in Italy. To reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics and epidemiological history of the virus in Italy, 53 envelope gene and 26 complete genome sequences obtained from human and animal samples were characterised by means of next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two Italian strains originating between 2010 and 2012: clade A, which apparently became extinct in 2013–2014, and clade B, which was responsible for the 2018 epidemic. The mean genetic distances in clade B increased over time and with the distance between sampling locations. Bayesian birth-death and coalescent skyline plots of the clade B showed that the effective number of infections and the effective reproduction number (Re) increased between 2015 and 2018. Our data suggest that WNV-2 entered Italy in 2011 as a result of one or a few penetration events. Clade B differentiated mainly as a result of genetic drift and purifying selection, leading to the appearance of multiple locally circulating sub-clades for different times. Phylodynamic analysis showed a current expansion of the infection among reservoir birds and/or vectors.
Keywords: lineage 2 West Nile virus; evolutionary dynamics; phylodynamics; over-wintering reservoirs/vectors lineage 2 West Nile virus; evolutionary dynamics; phylodynamics; over-wintering reservoirs/vectors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Veo, C.; della Ventura, C.; Moreno, A.; Rovida, F.; Percivalle, E.; Canziani, S.; Torri, D.; Calzolari, M.; Baldanti, F.; Galli, M.; et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011–2018. Viruses 2019, 11, 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090814

AMA Style

Veo C, della Ventura C, Moreno A, Rovida F, Percivalle E, Canziani S, Torri D, Calzolari M, Baldanti F, Galli M, et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011–2018. Viruses. 2019; 11(9):814. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090814

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veo, Carla, Carla della Ventura, Ana Moreno, Francesca Rovida, Elena Percivalle, Sabrina Canziani, Debora Torri, Mattia Calzolari, Fausto Baldanti, Massimo Galli, and et al. 2019. "Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011–2018" Viruses 11, no. 9: 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090814

APA Style

Veo, C., della Ventura, C., Moreno, A., Rovida, F., Percivalle, E., Canziani, S., Torri, D., Calzolari, M., Baldanti, F., Galli, M., & Zehender, G. (2019). Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011–2018. Viruses, 11(9), 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090814

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