Unravelling the Functional Diversity of the Soil Microbial Community of Chinese Fir Plantations of Different Densities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Profile of the Study Site and Soil Collection
2.2. Soil Physicochemical Analysis
2.3. Soil Microbial Flora and Metabolic Activity Analysis
2.4. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.2. Soil Microbial Flora and Metabolic Activities
3.3. Effects of Physicochemical Factors on Carbon Substrates Utilization
4. Discussion
4.1. Shift in the Soil Physicochemical Factors
4.2. Shift in Soil Microbial Flora and Metabolic Activities
4.3. Effects of Physicochemical Factors on Functional Diversity of Microbial Community
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial density (stems∙hm−2) | 1667 | 3333 | 5000 | 6667 | 10,000 |
Existing density (stems∙hm−2) | 1578 | 2294 | 2617 | 2789 | 2461 |
Index | Formula | Definitions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Average well color development (AWCD) | C is the difference of the two-band optical density of each carbon source well; R is the optical density value of the control well; n is the number of carbon source species in the medium (31 in this study) | [31] | |
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) | H’ = −ΣPi ln Pi | Pi represents the ratio of the absorbance in the i-th non-control well to the sum of the absorbance of all non-control wells | [32] |
Pielou evenness index (J) | S is the total number of carbon sources utilized | [33] | |
Simpson dominance index (D) | D = 1 − ∑Pi2. | [34] | |
McIntosh diversity index (U) | ni is the (C − R) value of the i-th well | [35] | |
McIntosh evenness index (E) | N is the sum of the (C − R) values | [35] |
Density | pH | SM | BD | OM | SOOC | TN | AN | AP | AK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (g/cm3) | (g/kg) | (g/kg) | (g/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | ||
D1 | 5.04 ± 0.02b | 35.72 ± 2.31a | 1.29 ± 0.08a | 42.80 ± 2.60a | 5.02 ± 0.63c | 1.61 ± 0.05a | 133.00 ± 4.04a | 2.09 ± 0.57b | 78.61 ± 4.23b |
D2 | 5.07 ± 0.02b | 30.92 ± 2.62a | 1.34 ± 0.08a | 41.32 ± 2.53a | 5.27 ± 0.91c | 1.56 ± 0.04a | 129.85 ± 6.17a | 2.15 ± 0.28b | 85.96 ± 5.24ab |
D3 | 5.29 ± 0.01ab | 32.37 ± 1.49a | 1.32 ± 0.03a | 41.55 ± 1.64a | 7.61 ± 0.16a | 1.55 ± 0.04a | 140.23 ± 7.12a | 2.53 ± 0.53ab | 109.24 ± 6.25a |
D4 | 5.49 ± 0.02a | 34.23 ± 0.58a | 1.31 ± 0.01a | 41.53 ± 0.69a | 7.63 ± 0.84a | 1.57 ± 0.09a | 148.40 ± 4.45a | 2.68 ± 0.18a | 126.24 ± 5.28a |
D5 | 5.27 ± 0.04ab | 32.61 ± 1.96a | 1.31 ± 0.05a | 39.47 ± 1.46a | 6.67 ± 0.61b | 1.52 ± 0.05a | 143.77 ± 10.17a | 2.67 ± 0.60a | 95.97 ± 6.24ab |
Density | Bacteria Quantity (107 cfu/g) | Fungi Quantity (105 cfu/g) | Actinomycete Quantity (106 cfu/g) | Total Microbe Quantity (107 cfu/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 3.13 ± 0.09a | 1.07 ± 0.05a | 2.77 ± 0.21ab | 3.42 ± 0.11a |
D2 | 2.87 ± 0.57a | 0.57 ± 0.01c | 2.30 ± 0.08c | 3.10 ± 0.58a |
D3 | 2.67 ± 0.50a | 0.70 ± 0.02bc | 2.40 ± 0.33bc | 2.91 ± 0.51a |
D4 | 2.50 ± 0.33a | 1.17 ± 0.17a | 3.07 ± 0.09a | 2.82 ± 0.33a |
D5 | 2.77 ± 0.17a | 0.97 ± 0.01ab | 2.33 ± 0.12c | 3.01 ± 0.18a |
Density | H’ | J | D | U | E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 2.41 ± 0.21a | 0.71 ± 0.06a | 0.97 ± 0.01a | 2.24 ± 0.01a | 0.92 ± 0.01a |
D2 | 2.39 ± 0.26a | 0.70 ± 0.07a | 0.97 ± 0.01a | 2.08 ± 0.01b | 0.93 ± 0.01a |
D3 | 2.24 ± 0.21a | 0.66 ± 0.06a | 0.97 ± 0.01a | 1.98 ± 0.05c | 0.93 ± 0.01a |
D4 | 1.75 ± 0.14b | 0.52 ± 0.04b | 0.98 ± 0.01a | 1.50 ± 0.04d | 0.92 ± 0.01a |
D5 | 2.21 ± 0.17a | 0.65 ± 0.05a | 0.98 ± 0.01a | 1.94 ± 0.06c | 0.93 ± 0.01a |
Carbon Substrate Type | Carbon Substrate | PC1 (41.92%) | PC2 (19.36%) |
---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates | β-Methyl-d-Glucoside | 4.026 | −0.021 |
d-Galactonic Acid Lactone | 0.415 | 0.730 | |
d-Xylose | 3.943 | −0.080 | |
d-Galacturonic Acid | −7.138 | −0.718 | |
I-Erythritol | 2.777 | 0.323 | |
d-Mannitol | −4.342 | −1.166 | |
N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine | −4.099 | −1.845 | |
d-Glucosaminic Acid | −3.179 | −1.229 | |
d-Cellobiose | 2.295 | 2.074 | |
α-d-Glucose-1-Phosphate | 3.178 | −0.972 | |
α-d-Lactose | 4.026 | −0.085 | |
d,l-α-Glycerol Phosphate | 1.131 | −1.952 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 3.379 | 0.933 | |
Anmino acids | l-Arginine | −0.712 | 0.297 |
l-Asparagine | −6.310 | −0.365 | |
l-Phenylalanine | −0.186 | −0.132 | |
l-Serine | −2.994 | 2.193 | |
l-Threonine | 2.511 | −0.557 | |
Glycyl-l-Glutamic Acid | 2.213 | −0.046 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 2.488 | 0.598 | |
Carboxylic acids | Pyruvic Acid Methyl Ester | −2.524 | 0.078 |
γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid | 3.400 | 0.169 | |
Itaconic Acid | 0.534 | 0.755 | |
α-Ketobutyric Acid | 3.338 | −0.268 | |
d-Malic Acid | 1.651 | −1.369 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 2.289 | 0.528 | |
Polymers | Tween 40 | −8.441 | 0.682 |
Tween 80 | −5.183 | 1.450 | |
α-Cyclodextrin | 4.015 | −0.071 | |
Glycogen | 3.726 | −0.121 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 5.341 | 0.581 | |
Phenolic acids | 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid | 2.632 | 0.117 |
4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid | −1.800 | 0.404 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 3.532 | 0.261 | |
Amines | Phenylethylamine | 0.757 | 1.400 |
Putrescine | 0.338 | 0.325 | |
Average value of absolute load value | 0.548 | 0.913 |
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Wang, C.; Xue, L.; Dong, Y.; Wei, Y.; Jiao, R. Unravelling the Functional Diversity of the Soil Microbial Community of Chinese Fir Plantations of Different Densities. Forests 2018, 9, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090532
Wang C, Xue L, Dong Y, Wei Y, Jiao R. Unravelling the Functional Diversity of the Soil Microbial Community of Chinese Fir Plantations of Different Densities. Forests. 2018; 9(9):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090532
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chaoqun, Lin Xue, Yuhong Dong, Yihui Wei, and Ruzhen Jiao. 2018. "Unravelling the Functional Diversity of the Soil Microbial Community of Chinese Fir Plantations of Different Densities" Forests 9, no. 9: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090532