Extensive Operating Experiments on the Conversion of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen into Nitrogen Oxides in the Combustion of Wood Fuel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dendromass for Combustion Tests
- Moist wood chips and sawdust were prepared from spruce (Picea exelsa (L.)), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)), common beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Wood chips and sawdust were produced from debarked wood from forest stands that had not been chemically treated during their cultivation.
- Crushed tree bark was obtained from the debarking of spruce (Picea exelsa (L.)) and English oak (Quercus robur (L.)).
- Moist wood chips were also produced from plantation-grown, fast-growing tree species with a short rotation coppice (SRC), including common osier (Salix viminalis) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia); the forest stands had not been treated by any chemical means.
2.2. Industrial Wood Boiler
2.3. Modelling the Conversion of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen into Nitrogen Oxides
2.4. Analytical and Measurement Methods
2.4.1. Determination of Water in Dendromass
2.4.2. Determination of C, H, and N in Dendromass
2.4.3. Emissions Measurement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boiler Type | Number of Boilers (pcs) | Boiler Input (kW) |
---|---|---|
MULTIMISER 20 | 1 | 2200 |
MULTIMISER 19 | 1 | 1750 |
MULTIMISER 16 | 1 | 880 |
MULTIMISER 15 | 4 | 725 |
MULTIMISER 14 | 1 | 560 |
MULTIMISER 13 | 2 | 425 |
MULTIMISER 12 | 1 | 350 |
FIREMATIC FR 300 | 3 | 300 |
TPS 100 | 1 | 1163 |
TPS 35 | 1 | 440 |
Dendromass | Ndaf (%) | CmaxNOx (mg/mn3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Picea excelsa L.—wood | 0.04 ± 0.002 | 136 | |
Pinus sylvestris L.—wood | 0.07 ± 0.002 | 230 | |
Quercus robur L.—wood | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 427 | |
Fagus sylvatica L.—wood | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 493 | |
Chips from SRC | |||
Salix viminalis—component wood | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.03 * | 1906 |
Salix viminalis—component bark | 1.66 ± 0.08 | ||
Robinia pseudoacacia—component wood | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 1.26 ± 0.08 * | 4139 |
Robinia pseudoacacia—component bark | 3.52 ± 0.08 | ||
Crushed bark of trees | |||
Picea excelsa L.—bark | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 1248 | |
Quercus robur L.—bark | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 2267 |
Dendromass | Amount of Mean Values * | Moisture Wr (%) | Average Half-Hour Emission Concentrations (mg/mn3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NOx | CO | |||
Wood chips and sawdust from debarked wood species | ||||
Picea excelsa L. | 14 | 42.3 ± 2.3 | 89 ± 12 | 542 ± 136 |
Pinus sylvestris L. | 12 | 44.2 ± 2.9 | 141 ± 19 | 527 ± 98 |
Quercus robur L. | 13 | 41.4 ± 3.9 | 170 ± 28 | 574 ± 56 |
Fagus syvatica L. | 16 | 43.1 ± 4.8 | 192 ± 36 | 559 ± 74 |
Chips from SRC | ||||
Salix viminalis | 12 | 48.9 ± 3.8 | 364 ± 46 | 534 ± 86 |
Robinia pseudoacacia | 12 | 36.1 ± 2.8 | 574 ± 64 | 526 ± 116 |
Crushed bark of trees | ||||
Picea excelsa L. | 8 | 49.3 ± 4.8 | 309 ± 36 | 532 ± 64 |
Quercus robur L. | 16 | 46.8 ± 4.1 | 415 ± 58 | 558 ± 81 |
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Dzurenda, L.; Hroncová, E.; Ladomerský, J. Extensive Operating Experiments on the Conversion of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen into Nitrogen Oxides in the Combustion of Wood Fuel. Forests 2017, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8010001
Dzurenda L, Hroncová E, Ladomerský J. Extensive Operating Experiments on the Conversion of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen into Nitrogen Oxides in the Combustion of Wood Fuel. Forests. 2017; 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDzurenda, Ladislav, Emília Hroncová, and Juraj Ladomerský. 2017. "Extensive Operating Experiments on the Conversion of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen into Nitrogen Oxides in the Combustion of Wood Fuel" Forests 8, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8010001