Algorithms 2013, 6(1), 12-28; doi:10.3390/a6010012
ℓ1 Major Component Detection and Analysis (ℓ1 MCDA): Foundations in Two Dimensions
1
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695-7906, USA
2
School of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu,610074, China
3
Department of Management Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
4
Mathematical Sciences Division and Computing Sciences Division, Army Research Office, Army Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 5 October 2012 / Revised: 3 January 2013 / Accepted: 7 January 2013 / Published: 17 January 2013
Abstract
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is widely used for identifying the major components of statistically distributed point clouds. Robust versions of PCA, often based in part on the ℓ1 norm (rather than the ℓ2 norm), are increasingly used, especially for point clouds with many outliers. Neither standard PCA nor robust PCAs can provide, without additional assumptions, reliable information for outlier-rich point clouds and for distributions with several main directions (spokes). We carry out a fundamental and complete reformulation of the PCA approach in a framework based exclusively on the ℓ1 norm and heavy-tailed distributions. The ℓ1 Major Component Detection and Analysis (ℓ1 MCDA) that we propose can determine the main directions and the radial extent of 2D data from single or multiple superimposed Gaussian or heavy-tailed distributions without and with patterned artificial outliers (clutter). In nearly all cases in the computational results, 2D ℓ1 MCDA has accuracy superior to that of standard PCA and of two robust PCAs, namely, the projection-pursuit method of Croux and Ruiz-Gazen and the ℓ1 factorization method of Ke and Kanade. (Standard PCA is, of course, superior to ℓ1 MCDA for Gaussian-distributed point clouds.) The computing time of ℓ1 MCDA is competitive with the computing times of the two robust PCAs.Keywords:
heavy-tailed distribution; ℓ1; ℓ2; major component; multivariate statistics; outliers; principal component analysis; 2D
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Tian, Y.; Jin, Q.; Lavery, J.E.; Fang, S.-C. ℓ1 Major Component Detection and Analysis (ℓ1 MCDA): Foundations in Two Dimensions. Algorithms 2013, 6, 12-28.
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Algorithms
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