What Happens during Natural Protein Fibre Dissolution in Ionic Liquids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Dissolution Process
2.2. Solubility of Wool in Various Ionic Liquids
IL | Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Cuticle swollen | Cortex dissolved |
---|---|---|---|---|
[Bmim]OAc | 120 | 3 | yes | yes |
[Choline]TGA | 120 | 10 | yes | yes |
[Choline]Pn | 120 | 45 | yes | yes |
[Bmim]Cl | 120 | 90 | yes | yes |
[TMG]Pn | 100 | 390 | yes | no |
2.3. The Disulphide Bonds in the Cuticle
2.4. Dissolution of Silk Fibre in Ionic Liquids
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Thioglycolic Acid Pre-Treatment of Wool
3.3. Hydrogen Peroxide Pre-Treatment of Wool
3.4. Characterization
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Animal Fiber—Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fiber (accessed on 18 August 2014).
- Lewis, D.M.; Rippon, J.A. The Coloration of Wool and other Keratin Fibres; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Feughelman, M. Mechanical Properties and Structure of Alpha-Keratin Fibres: Wool, Human Hair and Related Fibres; The University of New South Wales (UNSW) Press: Sydney, Australia, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Wallenberger, F.T.; Weston, N.E. Natural Fibers, Plastics and Composites; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Marshall, R.C.; Orwin, D.F.G.; Gillespie, J.M. Structure and biochemistry of mammalian hard keratin. Electron Microsc. Rev. 1991, 4, 47–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- John, M.J.; Thomas, S.; Chemistry, R.S.O. Natural Polymers: Composites; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Simpson, W.S.; Crawshaw, G.H. Wool: Science and Technology; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- About the Fibre—The Woolmark Company. Available online: http://www.woolmark.com/learn-about-wool/about-the-fibre (accessed on 18 August 2014).
- Kelly, R.J.; Worth, G.H.; Roddick-Lanzilotta, A.D.; Rankin, D.A.; Ellis, G.D.; Mesman, P.J.R.; Summers, C.G.; Singleton, D.J. Production of Soluble Keratin Derivaties. U.S. Patent 7,148,327 B2, 12 December 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Timmons, S.F.; Blanchard, C.R.; Smith, R.A. Porous and Bulk Keratin Bio-Polymers. U.S. Patent 6,159,495, 12 December 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Lees, K.; Peryman, R.V.; Elsworth, F.F. The solubility of wool in urea-bisulphite solution and its use as a measure of fibre modification. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 1954, 70, 354. [Google Scholar]
- Yamauchi, K.; Yamauchi, A.; Kusunoki, T.; Kohda, A.; Konishi, Y. Preparation of stable aqueous solution of keratins, and physiochemical and biodegradational properties of films. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1996, 31, 439–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odonnell, I.J.; Thompson, E.O. Studies on reduced wool 0.4. Isolation of major component. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1964, 17, 973–978. [Google Scholar]
- Blanchard, C.R.; Smith, R.A.; Timmons, S.F. Method of Making and Cross-Linking Keratin-Based Films and Sheets. U.S. Patent 6,124,265, 26 September 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Sashina, E.S.; Bochek, A.M.; Novoselov, N.P.; Kirichenko, D.A. Structure and solubility of natural silk fibroin. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 2006, 79, 869–876. [Google Scholar]
- Yao, J.; Masuda, H.; Zhao, C.; Asakura, T. Artificial spinning and characterization of silk fiber from bombyx mori silk fibroin in hexafluoroacetone hydrate. Macromolecules 2001, 35, 6–9. [Google Scholar]
- Ha, S.-W.; Tonelli, A.E.; Hudson, S.M. Structural studies of bombyx mori silk fibroin during regeneration from solutions and wet fiber spinning. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 1722–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Chen, Q.; Yang, Y.; Shao, Z. Effect of various dissolution systems on the molecular weight of regenerated silk fibroin. Biomacromolecules 2012, 14, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goujon, N.; Wang, X.; Rajkowa, R.; Byrne, N. Regenerated silk fibroin using protic ionic liquids solvents: Towards an all-ionic-liquid process for producing silk with tunable properties. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1278–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swatloski, R.P.; Spear, S.K.; Holbrey, J.D.; Rogers, R.D. Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4974–4975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, A.W.T.; Asikkala, J.; Mutikainen, I.; Järvi, P.; Kilpeläinen, I. Distillable acid–base conjugate ionic liquids for cellulose dissolution and processing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6301–6305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Idris, A.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Rana, U.A.; Fredericks, D.; Patti, A.F.; MacFarlane, D.R. Dissolution of feather keratin in ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 525–534. [Google Scholar]
- Silva, R.; Wang, X.; Byrne, N. Tri-component bio-composite materials prepared using an eco-friendly processing route. Cellulose 2013, 20, 2461–2468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, H.; Li, S.; Zhang, S. Ionic liquids as novel solvents for the dissolution and blending of wool keratin fibers. Green Chem. 2005, 7, 606–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brandt, A.; Ray, M.J.; To, T.Q.; Leak, D.J.; Murphy, R.J.; Welton, T. Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquid-water mixtures. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2489–2499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furth, M.E.; Atala, A.; van Dyke, M.E. Smart biomaterials design for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 5068–5073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reichl, S. Films based on human hair keratin as substrates for cell culture and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 6854–6866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reichl, S.; Borrelli, M.; Geerling, G. Keratin films for ocular surface reconstruction. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 3375–3386. [Google Scholar]
- Hauru, L.K.; Hummel, M.; King, A.W.; Kilpelainen, I.; Sixta, H. Role of solvent parameters in the regeneration of cellulose from ionic liquid solutions. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13, 2896–2905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parviainen, A.; King, A.W.; Mutikainen, I.; Hummel, M.; Selg, C.; Hauru, L.K.; Sixta, H.; Kilpelainen, I. Predicting cellulose solvating capabilities of acid-base conjugate ionic liquids. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 2161–2169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Idris, A.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Rana, U.A.; Patti, A.F.; MacFarlane, D.R. Dissolution and regeneration of wool keratin in ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 2857–2864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hameed, N.; Guo, Q.P. Natural wool/cellulose acetate blends regenerated from the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 78, 999–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.; Wang, D. Preparation of regenerated wool keratin films from wool keratin-ionic liquid solutions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 127, 2648–2653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lovejoy, K.S.; Lou, A.J.; Davis, L.E.; Sanchez, T.C.; Iyer, S.; Corley, C.A.; Wilkes, J.S.; Feller, R.K.; Fox, D.T.; Koppisch, A.T.; et al. Single-pot extraction-analysis of dyed wool fibers with ionic liquids. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9169–9175. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.; Gurau, G.; Rogers, R.D. Ionic liquid processing of cellulose. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1519–1537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Z.J.; Zheng, X.J.; Tang, K.Y.; Liu, J.; Qin, S.F. Dissolution of natural polymers in ionic liquids: A review. E-Polymers 2012, 12, 317–345. [Google Scholar]
- Kuzuhara, A.; Hori, T. Analysis of heterogeneous reaction between reducing agents and keratin fibers using Raman spectroscopy and microspectrophotometry. J. Mol. Struct. 2013, 1037, 85–92. [Google Scholar]
- Hogg, L.J.; Edwards, H.G.M.; Farwell, D.W.; Peters, A.T. FT Raman spectroscopic studies of wool. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 1994, 110, 196–199. [Google Scholar]
- Alter, H.; Bit-Alkhas, M. Infrared analysis of oxidized keratin. Text. Res. J. 1969, 39, 479–481. [Google Scholar]
- Fraser, R.D.B.; Rogers, G.E. The bromine allwörde reaction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1955, 16, 307–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rippon, J.A. The structure of wool. In Wool Dyeing; Lewis, D.M., Ed.; Society of Dyers and Colourists: Bradford, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Muhammad, N.; Man, Z.; Bustam, M.; Mutalib, M.I.A.; Wilfred, C.; Rafiq, S. Dissolution and delignification of bamboo biomass using amino acid-based ionic liquid. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011, 165, 998–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuzuhara, A. Analysis of internal structure changes in black human hair keratin fibers resulting from bleaching treatments using Raman spectroscopy. J. Mol. Struct. 2013, 1037, 186–193. [Google Scholar]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, J.; Vongsanga, K.; Wang, X.; Byrne, N. What Happens during Natural Protein Fibre Dissolution in Ionic Liquids. Materials 2014, 7, 6158-6168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096158
Chen J, Vongsanga K, Wang X, Byrne N. What Happens during Natural Protein Fibre Dissolution in Ionic Liquids. Materials. 2014; 7(9):6158-6168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096158
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Jingyu, Kylie Vongsanga, Xungai Wang, and Nolene Byrne. 2014. "What Happens during Natural Protein Fibre Dissolution in Ionic Liquids" Materials 7, no. 9: 6158-6168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096158