Recycling of Clay Sediments for Geopolymer Binder Production. A New Perspective for Reservoir Management in the Framework of Italian Legislation: The Occhito Reservoir Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Italian Legislation Framework
- 1.5% of the dams were almost completely filled by sediments;
- 17.5% showed a reservoir capacity reduction of more than 50%;
- 4.5% showed a reservoir capacity reduction of approximately 20%.
- (a)
- excavation soils result from the completing of a work and are part of a production process whose primary purpose is not the production of such material;
- (b)
- excavation soils are used in accordance to the Use Plan;
- (c)
- the excavation soils can be directly used without any further processing other than normal industrial practice (Annex 3 to the Ministerial Decree, 161/2012) [16];
- (d)
- for the specific use to which Point (c) is refers, the excavation soils fulfil the environmental protection requirements specified in Annex 4 to [16].
1.2. Geopolymer Binders as an Innovative Management Strategy
2. Results and Discussion
Oxides | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | TiO2 | Na2O | MnO | P2O5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occhito | 57.13 | 16.33 | 12.5 | 6.94 | 2.97 | 2.4 | 0.88 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
MK1 | 51.2 | 43.98 | - | 1.12 | - | 0.54 | 1.67 | - | - | - |
MK2 | 52.9 | 41.9 | 0.17 | 1.6 | 0.19 | 0.77 | 1.8 | - | - | - |
3. Experimental Section
- (1)
- 5 M NaOH in an amount so as to have a Na/Al ratio at most equal to 1:1; this is possible by assuming the hypothesis that all of the alumina is available for polycondensation reactions;
- (2)
- sodium aluminate solution obtained by dissolving pure Al(OH)3 in NaOH solutions in an amount so as to have a molar Al/Na ratio equal to 0.65 (maximum solubility);
- (3)
- potassium aluminate solution obtained by dissolving pure Al(OH)3 in KOH solutions in an amount so as to have a molar Al/K ratio equal to 0.53 (maximum solubility).
4. Conclusions and Further Developments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molino, B.; De Vincenzo, A.; Ferone, C.; Messina, F.; Colangelo, F.; Cioffi, R. Recycling of Clay Sediments for Geopolymer Binder Production. A New Perspective for Reservoir Management in the Framework of Italian Legislation: The Occhito Reservoir Case Study. Materials 2014, 7, 5603-5616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085603
Molino B, De Vincenzo A, Ferone C, Messina F, Colangelo F, Cioffi R. Recycling of Clay Sediments for Geopolymer Binder Production. A New Perspective for Reservoir Management in the Framework of Italian Legislation: The Occhito Reservoir Case Study. Materials. 2014; 7(8):5603-5616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085603
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolino, Bruno, Annamaria De Vincenzo, Claudio Ferone, Francesco Messina, Francesco Colangelo, and Raffaele Cioffi. 2014. "Recycling of Clay Sediments for Geopolymer Binder Production. A New Perspective for Reservoir Management in the Framework of Italian Legislation: The Occhito Reservoir Case Study" Materials 7, no. 8: 5603-5616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085603