Corrosion Behavior of Titanium in Artificial Saliva by Lactic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. pH Results
2.2. Open-Circuit Potential (OCP) Measurements
2.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Studies
Lactic acid | Time | R1 | Q2 | n1 | R3 | Q3 | n2 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/L | days | Ω·cm2 | Ω−1·cm−2·sn | Ω·cm2 | Ω−1·cm−2·sn | Ω·cm2 | ||
0.0 | 1 | 17.45 | 360.5 | 1.000 | 98.14 | 97.96 | 1.000 | 6.776 × 105 |
2 | 13.18 | 224.9 | 0.8957 | 150.9 | 96.00 | 0.8950 | 3.904 × 105 | |
3 | 6.328 | 390.7 | 0.8525 | 444.1 | 91.99 | 0.8889 | 3.139 × 105 | |
5 | 5.841 | 205.6 | 0.8342 | 653.1 | 303.3 | 0.8714 | 6.829 × 104 | |
7 | 5.741 | 124.8 | 0.7561 | 980.3 | 920.4 | 0.8191 | 4.209 × 104 | |
14 | 5.370 | 229.3 | 0.7335 | 988.2 | 803.3 | 0.6076 | 1.999 × 104 | |
2.5 | 1 | 10.01 | 923.5 | 0.9906 | 6.283 | 91.42 | 0.9216 | 3.837 × 105 |
2 | 9.681 | 131.7 | 0.8798 | 8.922 | 85.96 | 0.8169 | 2.914 × 105 | |
3 | 8.423 | 397.1 | 0.8458 | 10.53 | 104.1 | 0.8316 | 2.227 × 105 | |
5 | 7.605 | 381.6 | 0.8359 | 30.83 | 956.0 | 0.8012 | 5.030 × 104 | |
7 | 6.794 | 507.2 | 0.8123 | 61.64 | 872.3 | 0.7169 | 4.1998 × 104 | |
14 | 5.025 | 773.6 | 0.7737 | 8.940 | 796.2 | 0.6574 | 1.336 × 104 | |
3.2 | 1 | 6.896 | 928.8 | 0.9959 | 7.392 | 94.92 | 0.8924 | 3.240 × 105 |
2 | 6.021 | 566.3 | 0.9378 | 8.028 | 20.16 | 0.8854 | 2.103 × 105 | |
3 | 5.106 | 793.8 | 0.8991 | 1487 | 15.67 | 0.8871 | 1.779 × 105 | |
5 | 4.705 | 96.5 | 0.8086 | 973.2 | 11.63 | 0.8655 | 3.944 × 104 | |
7 | 3.182 | 62.3 | 0.5844 | 424.7 | 946.8 | 0.7378 | 3.877 × 104 | |
14 | 2.737 | 134.7 | 0.5987 | 366.3 | 134.0 | 0.6570 | 1.172 × 104 | |
4.5 | 1 | 6.875 | 152.3 | 0.9129 | 9.001 | 98.98 | 0.8812 | 2.538 × 105 |
2 | 6.001 | 55.63 | 0.9108 | 8.128 | 22.16 | 0.8354 | 1.903 × 105 | |
3 | 5.549 | 125.7 | 0.8694 | 4.900 | 19.05 | 0.7465 | 7.584 × 104 | |
5 | 5.738 | 33.75 | 0.8648 | 48.89 | 96.72 | 0.7126 | 3.574 × 104 | |
7 | 4.922 | 50.97 | 0.8040 | 11.19 | 944.5 | 0.6515 | 2.253 × 104 | |
14 | 3.901 | 129.0 | 0.5053 | 121.6 | 182.3 | 0.6427 | 6,124 | |
5.0 | 1 | 5.191 | 281.5 | 0.8100 | 8.315 | 98.34 | 0.8390 | 2.421 × 104 |
2 | 4.240 | 882.8 | 0.7788 | 10.13 | 40.44 | 0.8770 | 1.483 × 104 | |
3 | 3.280 | 7.823 | 0.7588 | 5.109 | 38.48 | 0.7883 | 4.274 × 104 | |
5 | 2.980 | 44.64 | 0.7395 | 1546 | 34.10 | 0.7279 | 3.054 × 104 | |
7 | 2.380 | 224.2 | 0.5377 | 90.03 | 790.1 | 0.6072 | 1.998 × 104 | |
14 | 2.481 | 81.19 | 0.5219 | 45.68 | 117.9 | 0.5094 | 5,726 |
2.4. Polarization Curves Tests
Lactic acid g/L | Time d | Ecorr mV | Icorr μA/cm2 | ba mV/dec | bc mV/dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 1 | −560.452 | 0.221 | 166.573 | 194.813 |
2 | −615.427 | 0.464 | 156.569 | 523.672 | |
3 | −623.942 | 0.664 | 247.394 | 279.867 | |
5 | −689.747 | 0.727 | 188.126 | 460.020 | |
7 | −672.599 | 1.367 | 325.928 | 247.620 | |
14 | −701.093 | 1.597 | 323.461 | 167.816 | |
2.5 | 1 | −558.415 | 0.483 | 243.754 | 832.327 |
2 | −589.474 | 0.727 | 188.126 | 460.020 | |
3 | −603.838 | 0.856 | 222.604 | 480.795 | |
5 | −661.228 | 1.270 | 257.742 | 752.736 | |
7 | −688.779 | 1.957 | 256.943 | 127.068 | |
14 | −692.844 | 2.957 | 112.101 | 390.369 | |
3.2 | 1 | −367.863 | 0.605 | 113.954 | 193.862 |
2 | −362.064 | 0.940 | 145.262 | 181.065 | |
3 | −436.498 | 1.185 | 177.877 | 154.509 | |
5 | −437.044 | 1.718 | 156.346 | 298.723 | |
7 | −438.890 | 2.374 | 98.356 | 221.833 | |
14 | −458.169 | 3.602 | 119.909 | 254.598 | |
4.5 | 1 | −309.275 | 1.158 | 317.385 | 331.341 |
2 | −369.804 | 1.959 | 285.187 | 620.453 | |
3 | −440.754 | 2.587 | 204.845 | 337.687 | |
5 | −433.871 | 3.216 | 117.898 | 250.677 | |
7 | −478.407 | 4.373 | 129.221 | 225.129 | |
14 | −479.760 | 5.003 | 150.240 | 193.490 | |
5.0 | 1 | −368.589 | 2.226 | 310.458 | 760.726 |
2 | −393.751 | 3.420 | 304.961 | 405.529 | |
3 | −443.304 | 3.979 | 134.820 | 276.343 | |
5 | −466.912 | 4.680 | 143.859 | 226.051 | |
7 | −477.709 | 5.615 | 136.394 | 233.153 | |
14 | −483.366 | 7.788 | 160.194 | 236.892 |
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
2.6. Corrosion Mechanism
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Preparation of the Specimens
3.2. Medium
3.3. pH Tests
3.4. Electrochemical Examinations
3.5. Corrosion Morphology
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The corrosion of titanium in artificial saliva will result in a slight decrease in the pH value of the solution. Additionally, the corrosion increases with increasing the immersion time.
- (2)
- The addition of lactic acid into artificial saliva solutions can distinctly accelerate the corrosion rate, and the corrosion of titanium is aggravated with increasing the amount of lactic acid.
- (3)
- SEM indicates that lactic acid can accelerate the pitting corrosion in artificial saliva.
- (4)
- Lactic acid is apt to form a chelate compound ([Ti(OH)3]·L), which dissolves in water. The formation of [Ti(OH)3]·L accelerates the dissolution of passivation film (TiO2) on titanium, and this causes the deficiency of the protective film, leading to a tendency of pitting corrosion.
- (5)
- The addition of lactic acid does change the mechanism, but accelerates the pitting corrosion.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Qu, Q.; Wang, L.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; He, Y.; Ding, Z. Corrosion Behavior of Titanium in Artificial Saliva by Lactic Acid. Materials 2014, 7, 5528-5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085528
Qu Q, Wang L, Chen Y, Li L, He Y, Ding Z. Corrosion Behavior of Titanium in Artificial Saliva by Lactic Acid. Materials. 2014; 7(8):5528-5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085528
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Qing, Lei Wang, Yajun Chen, Lei Li, Yue He, and Zhongtao Ding. 2014. "Corrosion Behavior of Titanium in Artificial Saliva by Lactic Acid" Materials 7, no. 8: 5528-5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085528