Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Polymers | Examples |
---|---|
Natural polymers | Proteins: collagen [13], gelatin [14], fibrin glue [15] Polysaccarides: Agarose [16], alginate [17], cellulose [18], chitosan [19], chondroitin sulphate [20], and hyaluronic acid [21] |
Synthetic polymers | poly(α-hydroxy esters): Poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) [22], poly(ε-caprolactone) [23], Poly(NiPAAm) [24], poly(vinyl alcohol) [25], Polyurethane [26] |
2. Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.1. Structure-Property Relationships of Native Articular Cartilage
Mechanical Properties | Articular Cartilage |
---|---|
Tensile Modulus (at 10% ε) | 5–25 MPa [62,74] |
Equilibrium Relaxation Modulus | 6.5–45 MPa [63] |
Elongation to Break | 80% [32] |
Ultimate Tensile Stress | 15–35 MPa [75] |
Equilibrium Compressive Aggregate Modulus a | 0.1–2.0 MPa [37] |
Hydraulic Permeability | 0.5–5.0 × 10−15 m4 N−1∙s−1 [37] |
Intrinsic, Equilibrium Young’s Modulus in Compression b | 0.4–0.8 MPa [56] |
Compressive Strength | 14–59 MPa [76] |
Equilibrium Shear Modulus | 0.05–0.25 MPa [77] |
2.2. Joint Disease and Medical Interventions
2.3. Tissue Engineering of Cartilage and Scaffold Requirements
3. Biomaterial Blends
Polymers | Disadvantages | Advantages |
---|---|---|
Chitosan | Low tensile and compressive properties, low processability. | Antibacterial activity, low toxicity, good cell interaction, good biocompatibility, renewability, water solubility, stability to variations of pH. |
Collagen | Low tensile and compressive properties, high degradation rate. | Low antigenicity, good cell adhesion, biological signaling, biodegradability. |
Hyaluronic acid | Not support thermodynamically cell attachment. Hydrophilic surface. | No immunogenicity, good cell interaction. |
Alginates | Hard processability, low tensile properties. | Injectable polymers, easily crosslinking under mild condition, high and tunable porosity scaffold, high diffusion rates of macromolecules, good cell incorporation. |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) | Long term degradation application due to slow degradation rate, susceptible to undergo auto-catalyzed bulk hydrolysis, hydrophobic surface then no cell interaction. | FDA approval, easily processable. |
Polyurethane | Acidic degradation byproducts in poly(esther urethanes) causing autocatalyzed degradation and in vivo inflammation. | Good tensile and compressive properties and also biological properties such as cell attachment, incorporation and supporting chondrocyte phenotype, and low infection. |
PLGA | Low biological properties such as cell attachment, incorporation and supporting chondrocyte phenotype, releasing acidic degradation byproducts caused inflammatory response. | FDA approval, tailorable physicomechanical properties. |
3.1. Blends with Collagen
3.2. Blends with Chondroitin Sulphate
3.3. Blends with Chitosan
3.4. Blends with PVA
4. Biomaterial Nanocomposites
4.1. Polymer-Polymer Nanofiber Composites
4.2. Polymer-Silica Nanoparticle Composites
4.3. Polymer-Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Composites
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Doulabi, A.H.; Mequanint, K.; Mohammadi, H. Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Materials 2014, 7, 5327-5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075327
Doulabi AH, Mequanint K, Mohammadi H. Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Materials. 2014; 7(7):5327-5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075327
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoulabi, Azadehsadat Hashemi, Kibret Mequanint, and Hadi Mohammadi. 2014. "Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering" Materials 7, no. 7: 5327-5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075327