Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Inorganic Silicate Sealer Material through Multi-Quality Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials and Specimens
Chemical compositions (%) | Substrate | Inorganic silicate sealer material | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
cement | fly ash | ISSM1 | ISSM2 | |
Calcium oxide, CaO | 63.56 | 2.82 | 25.23 | 34.33 |
Silicon dioxide, SiO2 | 21.04 | 56.48 | 33.77 | 28.46 |
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 | 5.46 | 20.34 | 5.90 | 4.47 |
Ferric oxide, Fe2O3 | 2.98 | 6.61 | 5.27 | 4.75 |
Sulfur trioxide, SO3 | 2.01 | 0.25 | 1.07 | 1.38 |
Sodium oxide, Na2O | 0.32 | 0.33 | 15.00 | 12.12 |
Potassium oxide, K2O | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 1.10 |
Magnesium oxide, MgO | 2.52 | 0.93 | 6.20 | 7.43 |
Loss on ignition, L.O.I. | 1.38 | 2.76 | 1.54 | 1.84 |
Others | 0.03 | 8.68 | 5.19 | 4.12 |
Mixture | Mix proportions of mortar (kg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/C ratio | Cement | Water | Fly ash | Sand | |
Mix 1 | 0.45 | 523 | 235 | 0 | 1437 |
Mix 2 | 0.45 | 413 | 233 | 103 | 1421 |
Mix 3 | 0.65 | 471 | 306 | 0 | 1295 |
Mix 4 | 0.65 | 373 | 303 | 93 | 1282 |
2.2. Experiments
2.3. Taguchi Method
2.3.1. Quality Characteristics
2.3.2. Orthogonal Array
Control factors | Level | ||
---|---|---|---|
A | Sealer Materials type | ISSM1 | ISSM2 |
B | Sealer Materials ratio | 5:2 | 5:3 |
C | Sealer layers | 1 | 2 |
D | Sealer cumulative time (days) | 28 | 3 |
E | Water-binder ratio of substrate | 0.45 | 0.65 |
F | Moist curing age (days) | 3 | 28 |
G | Adding fly ash in substrate | 0% | 20% |
Experiment No. | Control factors and levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
7 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
8 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
10 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
12 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
2.3.3. Analysis of Variance
2.4. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. S/N Ratios Calculations of Taguchi Method
No. | Compressive strength | Resistivity | Water absorption | Permeability | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ave | S | S/N (dB) | Ave | S | S/N (dB) | Ave | S | S/N (dB) | Ave | S | S/N (dB) | |
(MPa) | mV | (%) | (g) | |||||||||
1 | 71.63 | 1.49 | 37.10 | 12.67 | 0.50 | 22.04 | 6.02 | 0.0023 | 24.40 | 3.75 | 0.30 | −11.49 |
2 | 69.73 | 2.12 | 36.86 | 12.60 | 0.17 | 22.01 | 6.33 | 0.0016 | 23.97 | 4.07 | 0.61 | −12.26 |
3 | 46.94 | 1.51 | 33.42 | 6.37 | 0.12 | 16.08 | 8.84 | 0.0022 | 21.07 | 6.71 | 1.78 | −16.73 |
4 | 40.25 | 2.17 | 32.07 | 6.83 | 0.32 | 16.67 | 9.91 | 0.0020 | 20.08 | 9.08 | 0.54 | −19.17 |
5 | 47.68 | 1.07 | 33.56 | 7.53 | 0.35 | 17.52 | 8.09 | 0.0017 | 21.84 | 6.34 | 1.06 | −16.12 |
6 | 65.44 | 1.12 | 36.31 | 10.87 | 0.60 | 20.70 | 6.04 | 0.0011 | 24.38 | 4.22 | 0.14 | −12.51 |
7 | 59.94 | 2.43 | 35.54 | 10.07 | 0.38 | 20.05 | 6.38 | 0.0023 | 23.90 | 4.25 | 0.49 | −12.60 |
8 | 45.15 | 1.26 | 33.09 | 8.33 | 0.40 | 18.40 | 8.21 | 0.0025 | 21.71 | 5.99 | 0.57 | −15.58 |
9 | 39.39 | 0.72 | 31.90 | 5.93 | 0.32 | 15.44 | 8.75 | 0.0038 | 21.15 | 8.21 | 0.83 | −18.32 |
10 | 70.49 | 2.66 | 36.95 | 11.77 | 0.31 | 21.41 | 5.99 | 0.0016 | 24.45 | 3.21 | 0.46 | −10.19 |
11 | 68.42 | 1.50 | 36.70 | 10.80 | 0.36 | 20.66 | 6.08 | 0.0012 | 24.33 | 3.97 | 0.66 | −12.05 |
12 | 38.10 | 1.41 | 31.61 | 5.43 | 0.25 | 14.68 | 10.42 | 0.0052 | 19.64 | 9.68 | 0.86 | −19.74 |
3.2. Analysis of Variance
Control factor | Compressive strength | Resistivity | Water absorption | Permeability |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1.99% | 2.05% | 0.07% | 0.00% |
B | 0.08% | 0.60% | 0.51% | 0.56% |
C | 1.10% | 0.74% | 3.18% | 6.11% |
D | 1.64% | 4.45% | 0.27% | 2.55% |
E | 90.02% | 83.98% | 88.77% | 84.19% |
F | 0.48% | 1.53% | 3.30% | 0.67% |
G | 2.74% | 0.04% | 2.85% | 3.41% |
Error | 1.94% | 6.61% | 1.05% | 2.52% |
Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
3.3. Grey Relational Analysis
No. | Grey relational coefficients | Grey relational grades | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive strength | Resistivity | Water absorption | Permeability | Equally weighted | Rank | Entropy weights | Rank | |
1 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9814 | 0.7858 | 0.9418 | 2 | 0.9486 | 1 |
2 | 0.9205 | 0.9909 | 0.8339 | 0.6979 | 0.8608 | 3 | 0.8723 | 3 |
3 | 0.4275 | 0.3815 | 0.4161 | 0.4220 | 0.4118 | 9 | 0.4116 | 9 |
4 | 0.3532 | 0.4067 | 0.3551 | 0.3471 | 0.3655 | 11 | 0.3666 | 10 |
5 | 0.4371 | 0.4487 | 0.4795 | 0.4461 | 0.4529 | 8 | 0.4509 | 8 |
6 | 0.7780 | 0.7324 | 0.9713 | 0.6731 | 0.7887 | 5 | 0.7817 | 5 |
7 | 0.6381 | 0.6485 | 0.8128 | 0.6647 | 0.6910 | 6 | 0.6823 | 6 |
8 | 0.4063 | 0.5023 | 0.4678 | 0.4698 | 0.4615 | 7 | 0.4587 | 7 |
9 | 0.3458 | 0.3579 | 0.4221 | 0.3700 | 0.3740 | 10 | 0.3700 | 11 |
10 | 0.9490 | 0.8533 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9506 | 1 | 0.9450 | 2 |
11 | 0.8732 | 0.7271 | 0.9511 | 0.7192 | 0.8176 | 4 | 0.8155 | 4 |
12 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 12 | 0.3333 | 12 |
3.4. The Weighted Grey-Taguchi Method
Control factor | Sum of squares | Degrees of freedom | Variance | F-test | Contribution ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0.004 | 1 | 0.004 | 1.092 | 0.66% |
B | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.054 | 0.03% |
C | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.01% |
D | 0.028 | 1 | 0.028 | 7.164 | 4.31% |
E | 0.587 | 1 | 0.587 | 149.439 | 89.99% |
F | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 0.05% |
G | 0.017 | 1 | 0.017 | 4.228 | 2.55% |
Error | 0.016 | 4 | 0.004 | - | 2.41% |
Total | 0.652 | 11 | - | - | 100.00% |
3.5. Investigation of Key Protective Factors
4. Conclusions
- The weighted Grey-Taguchi method quantifies the performance of multi-quality characteristics, thus providing assistance in the search for key factors for ISSM in concrete protection.
- Regarding the contribution percentage of the multi-quality characteristics, factors A, D, E, and G showed the higher contribution percentages than any others. Factors A and D affect the protective property of the specimen quality because of the property of the sealer material. In contrast, the effects of factors E and G are caused by the quality of the substrate.
- The optimal results for the parameters of the multi-quality characteristics are obtained by using GRA. The optimal results from the equal weights occur in the tenth ranking of the grey relational grades, while for entropy weights the optimal results occur in the first ranking.
- The Standard deviation in experimental data is a key element influencing factor. A higher discrete degree in standard deviation affects the importance of individual influence factors as well as the entropy weights of grey relational grades.
- The ISSM1(A1), sealer materials ratio of 5:2(B1), and 2 sealer layers(C2) have the superior performance for the surface protection of concrete in coating materials, whereas sealer cumulative time 28days(D1) and moist curing age 28days(F2) in environmental conditions. In addition, the less effectiveness of concrete protection results in the more density of concrete.
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Zou, S.-Y.; Huang, R.; Chi, M.-C.; Hsu, H.-M. Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Inorganic Silicate Sealer Material through Multi-Quality Characteristics. Materials 2013, 6, 1191-1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6031191
Zou S-Y, Huang R, Chi M-C, Hsu H-M. Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Inorganic Silicate Sealer Material through Multi-Quality Characteristics. Materials. 2013; 6(3):1191-1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6031191
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Si-Yu, Ran Huang, Mao-Chieh Chi, and Hui-Mi Hsu. 2013. "Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Inorganic Silicate Sealer Material through Multi-Quality Characteristics" Materials 6, no. 3: 1191-1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6031191