Effect of Mineral Powders on the Properties of Foam Concrete Prepared by Cationic and Anionic Surfactants as Foaming Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation
2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cement Paste without Foam Properties
3.2. Workability and Mechanical Properties
3.2.1. Fluidity
3.2.2. Compressive Strength and Dry Density
3.3. Physical Properties
3.3.1. Water Absorption
3.3.2. Pore Characteristics
3.4. Thermal Conductivity
3.5. Frost Resistance
3.6. Mechanisms of Mineral Powder Enhancement
3.6.1. XRD Analysis Results
3.6.2. LF-NMR Analysis Results
3.6.3. FTIR Analysis Results
3.6.4. SEM Analysis Results
4. Conclusions
- The addition of 1% calcite and muscovite does not affect the compressive strength of cement paste and does not produce new hydration products. Muscovite has water absorption capacity and reduces the fluidity of cement paste.
- When SDS is used as a foaming agent to prepare foam concrete:The addition of 1% calcite increased the fluidity of fresh foam concrete by 10.29%. The dry density increased by 8.44%, the compressive strength/dry density ratio did not change much and water absorption decreased by 25.87%. The thermal conductivity decreased by 20.03% and the average size of the pores decreased by 16.43%. After 30 freeze–thaw cycles, the mass loss decreased by 49.47% and the strength loss decreased by 22.47%.The addition of 1% white muscovite decreased the flow of fresh foam concrete by 11.27%. Dry density increased by 6.86%, compressive strength/dry density ratio increased by 20.94% and water absorption decreased by 34.40%. The thermal conductivity was reduced by 17.41% and the average diameter of the pores was reduced by 10.75%. After 30 freeze–thaw cycles, the mass loss was reduced by 28.95% and the strength loss was reduced by 11.23%.
- When DTAB is used as a foaming agent to prepare foam concrete:The addition of 1% calcite increased the fluidity of fresh foam concrete by 10.78%. The dry density increased by 6.86%, the compressive strength/dry density ratio increased by 27.20% and water absorption did not change much. The thermal conductivity decreased by 7.29% and the average size of the pores decreased by 9.51%. After 30 freeze–thaw cycles, the mass loss decreased by 16.12% and the strength loss decreased by 11.60%.The addition of 1% white muscovite decreased the flow of fresh foam concrete by 8.82%. Dry density increased by 59.31%, the compressive strength/dry density ratio increased by 29.12% and water absorption decreased by 28.83%. The thermal conductivity did not change much and the average diameter of the pores was reduced by 25.06%. After 30 freeze–thaw cycles, the mass loss was reduced by 11.60% and the strength loss was reduced by 23.12%.
- In the same design dry density, foam concrete prepared with DTAB as foaming agent has higher porosity and larger pore size compared to SDS, which is the main reason for the difference in their performance.
- The specific physical adsorption of calcite and muscovite with anionic or cationic surfactants also exists in the simulated environment of the cement pore solution. The addition of mineral powders promotes the formation of a shell structure around the foam due to electrostatic interactions and the capillary pore content in the foam concrete was reduced. Thus, the properties of foam concrete were enhanced, whether the foaming agent is an anionic or cationic surfactant.The mechanism of mineral-powder-reinforced foam concrete is complex, especially in the study of mineral particles to adsorb directionally on foam walls prepared with ionic surfactants in cementitious materials. More work is needed in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Loss-on-Ignition (%) | SO3 (%) | MgO (%) | Specific Surface (m2/kg) | Initial Setting Time (min) | Final Setting Time (min) | Invariability | Chloride Ion Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.54 | 1.85 | 0.76 | 337 | 197 | 247 | Pass | 0.015 |
Mixture | Cement (kg) | Mineral Powders (kg) | Water (kg) | W/C | Foam (m3) | Foaming Agent Amounts (L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | 666.7 | 0 | 333 | 0.5 | 0.72 | 27.29 |
S-Cal | 660 | 6.7 | ||||
S-Mus | ||||||
D | 666.7 | 0 | 16.17 | |||
D-Cal | 660 | 6.7 | ||||
D-Mus |
Pore Parameter | Specimens | Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<500 μm | <1000 μm | Full | ||
Number | S | 3335 | 4190 | 4668 |
S-Cal | 4942 | 6102 | 6601 | |
S-Mus | 4308 | 5174 | 5636 | |
Frequency (%) | S | 71.4 | 89.8 | 100 |
S-Cal | 74.9 | 92.4 | 100 | |
S-Mus | 76.4 | 91.8 | 100 | |
Porosity (%) | S | 11.76 | 21.08 | 35.93 |
S-Cal | 17.98 | 30.50 | 42.46 | |
S-Mus | 14.93 | 24.32 | 38.71 | |
Average size (μm) | S | 0.226 | 0.322 | 0.493 |
S-Cal | 0.233 | 0.320 | 0.412 | |
S-Mus | 0.222 | 0.301 | 0.440 |
Pore Parameter | Specimens | Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<500 μm | <1000 μm | Full | ||
Number | D | 1444 | 1939 | 2770 |
D-Cal | 1672 | 2392 | 3477 | |
D-Mus | 1840 | 2638 | 3692 | |
Frequency (%) | D | 52.1 | 70.0 | 100 |
D-Cal | 48.1 | 68.8 | 100 | |
D-Mus | 49.8 | 71.5 | 100 | |
Porosity (%) | D | 5.02 | 10.58 | 52.32 |
D-Cal | 6.28 | 14.24 | 59.43 | |
D-Mus | 6.86 | 15.87 | 52.25 | |
Average size (μm) | D | 0.222 | 0.349 | 1.209 |
D-Cal | 0.241 | 0.381 | 1.094 | |
D-Mus | 0.239 | 0.385 | 0.906 |
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Liu, Q.; Chen, H.; Fang, S.; Luo, J. Effect of Mineral Powders on the Properties of Foam Concrete Prepared by Cationic and Anionic Surfactants as Foaming Agents. Materials 2024, 17, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030606
Liu Q, Chen H, Fang S, Luo J. Effect of Mineral Powders on the Properties of Foam Concrete Prepared by Cationic and Anionic Surfactants as Foaming Agents. Materials. 2024; 17(3):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030606
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qi, Huanghua Chen, Shiyu Fang, and Jin Luo. 2024. "Effect of Mineral Powders on the Properties of Foam Concrete Prepared by Cationic and Anionic Surfactants as Foaming Agents" Materials 17, no. 3: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030606