Influence of the Type of Cement and the Addition of an Air-Entraining Agent on the Effectiveness of Concrete Cover in the Protection of Reinforcement against Corrosion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Specimens
- (a)
- C_I_a specimens—specimens made of concrete with Portland cement and the addition of an air-entraining agent;
- (b)
- C_I_n specimens—specimens made of concrete with Portland cement, without the addition of an air-entraining agent;
- (c)
- C_III_a specimens—specimens made of concrete with blast-furnace slag cement and the addition of an air-entraining agent;
- (d)
- C_III_n specimens—specimens made of concrete with blast-furnace slag cement, without the addition of an air-entraining agent.
- (a)
- stage I—reference measurements made 90 days after concreting the specimens, but before the freeze–thaw cycles;
- (b)
- stage II—measurements made 250 days after concreting the specimens, after 120 cycles of freezing and thawing.
2.2. Galvanostatic Pulse Technique
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Corrosion Current Density
3.2. The Half-Cell Potential of Reinforcement
3.3. The Concrete Cover Resistivity
3.4. Microstructural Studies Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Analysis)
4. Conclusions
- Based on the results obtained from the measurements of the corrosion current density (the most reliable parameter), it was found that after the specimens were subjected to 120 freezing and thawing cycles in a 3% NaCl solution, the lowest corrosion activity of the reinforcement was recorded on the reinforcement in C_III_a specimens, i.e., specimens made of concrete with blast-furnace slag cement and an air-entraining agent addition. On the other hand, the use of blast-furnace slag cement for concrete, but without adding an air-entraining agent (C_III_n specimens), although this cement should protect against chloride corrosion, does not reduce the corrosive activity of the reinforcement. The results obtained on C_III_n specimens are comparable to the results obtained on C_I_a and C_I_n specimens. On the other hand, concrete with the addition of an air-entraining agent in which Portland cement was used (C_I_a specimens) is not effective in protecting against the simultaneous effects of chloride corrosion and frost.
- The results obtained from the measurements of the reinforcement half-cell potential and the concrete cover resistivity were less reliable than the measurement of the corrosion current density and m might be influence by concrete mixture and age of evaluation. Nevertheless, they confirmed the previous analyses. Concrete in C_III_a specimens turned out to be more effective in reducing the probability of reinforcement corrosion.
- Moreover, it was found that the measurements of the concrete cover resistivity performed by the galvanostatic pulse method are not very reliable in the case of tests on young (several months old) specimens.
- The observation of the microstructure of concrete under a scanning electron microscope showed that the most compact structure is characterized by concrete with blast-furnace slag cement and the addition of an air-entraining agent taken from the C_III_a specimens.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group of Specimen | CEM I 42.5 N-MSR/NA | CEM III/A 42, 5 N-LH/HSR/NA | Basalt Grit f 2/8 mm | Basalt Grit f 8/16 mm | Mine Sand | Water | Plasticizer—Adva Flow 440 | Air-Entraining Agent—Darex AEA W (LP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C_I_a | 384 | — | 600 | 650 | 680 | 166 | 0.6% | 0.5% |
C_I_n | — | |||||||
C_III_a | — | 384 | 0.5% | |||||
C_III_n | — |
Criteria for Assessing the Degree of Reinforcement Corrosion Risk 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Advanced measurements | Corrosion current density, icor (μA/cm2) | <0.5 | not forecasted corrosion activity | |
0.5 ÷ 2.0 | irrelevant corrosion activity | |||
2.0 ÷ 5.0 | low corrosion activity | |||
5.0 ÷ 15.0 | moderate corrosion activity | |||
Basic measurements | Reinforcement half-cell potential, Est (mV) | >−200 | 5% of corrosion probability | |
−350 ÷ −200 | 50% of corrosion probability | |||
<−350 | 95% of corrosion probability | |||
Concrete cover resistivity, Θ (kΩ·cm) | ≥20 | small corrosion probability | ||
10 ÷ 20 | medium corrosion probability | |||
≤10 | high corrosion probability |
Corrosion Current Density, icor (μA/cm2) | CEM_I_a | CEM_I_n | CEM_III_a | CEM_III_n | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | |
Reference measurement | 0.56 | 1.48 | 0.84 | 1.45 | 0.72 | 1.44 | 0.91 | 3.07 |
Measurement after 120 cycles of freezing and thawing in 3% NaCl solution | 2.59 | 10.19 | 2.82 | 9.87 | 0.82 | 3.86 | 2.51 | 9.72 |
Reinforcement Half-Cell Potential, Est (mV) | CEM_I_a | CEM_I_n | CEM_III_a | CEM_III_n | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | |
Reference measurement | −132 | −257 | −6 | −149 | −91 | −189 | −68 | −284 |
Measurement after 120 cycles of freezing and thawing in 3% NaCl solution | −189 | −341 | −290 | −378 | −129 | −300 | −275 | −521 |
Concrete Cover Resistivity, Θ (kΩ·cm) | CEM_I_a | CEM_I_n | CEM_III_a | CEM_III_n | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | |
Reference measurement | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.6 |
Measurement after 120 cycles of freezing and thawing in 3% NaCl solution | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
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Raczkiewicz, W.; Koteš, P.; Konečný, P. Influence of the Type of Cement and the Addition of an Air-Entraining Agent on the Effectiveness of Concrete Cover in the Protection of Reinforcement against Corrosion. Materials 2021, 14, 4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164657
Raczkiewicz W, Koteš P, Konečný P. Influence of the Type of Cement and the Addition of an Air-Entraining Agent on the Effectiveness of Concrete Cover in the Protection of Reinforcement against Corrosion. Materials. 2021; 14(16):4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164657
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaczkiewicz, Wioletta, Peter Koteš, and Petr Konečný. 2021. "Influence of the Type of Cement and the Addition of an Air-Entraining Agent on the Effectiveness of Concrete Cover in the Protection of Reinforcement against Corrosion" Materials 14, no. 16: 4657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164657