Variation of Durability and Strength Parameters of Pumice Based Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Significance
3. Materials and Experimental Investigation
3.1. Mixture Design
3.2. Slump and Air Content
3.3. Compressive Strength
3.4. Diffusion Coefficient Calculation
4. Diffusion Coefficient Analysis
5. Coefficient of Variation Analysis
5.1. Mean Model
5.2. Trend Line Model
5.3. Statistical Evaluation
6. RMSE Analysis
7. Diffusion Coefficient Time-Dependent Variation Model
8. Discussion
8.1. Diffusion Coefficient
8.2. Compressive Strength
9. Conclusions
- Based on the RRMSE results, seven mixtures are recommended for the mean value of variation coefficient, and 10 mixtures are recommended for the linear regression of variation coefficient (see Table 3).
- For the other 10 mixtures, the recommendation of the selection of methods was considered unreliable.
- The diffusion coefficient results of Class F and Class C-based mixtures show that there is a significant effect of the amount of SCM on the values of diffusion coefficients, and there is also a very high value of diffusion coefficients at early ages of hardening.
- Analysis results of the time parameter of compressive strength have confirmed that 56 days and 91 days are more appropriate compared to 28 days strength.
- The comparison of the results between the groups of binary and ternary mixtures showed that the best performance for the matured concrete (at the age of 91 days) was observed in the group of Class F-based mixtures blended with pumice.
- In summary, this research will lead a pathway for the practical application of pumice materials in future bridge deck slabs based on their effectiveness of replacement and interaction with other cementitious materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix ID | Cement | Pumice | Fly Ash C | Fly Ash F | Slag G120 | Silica Fume | Metakaolin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100TII-V | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
85TII-V/15P | 85 | 15 | – | – | – | – | – |
80TII-V/20P | 80 | 20 | – | – | – | – | – |
75TII-V/25P | 75 | 25 | – | – | – | – | – |
78TII-V/7M/15P | 78 | 15 | – | – | – | – | 7 |
73TII-V/7M/20P | 73 | 20 | – | – | – | – | 7 |
68TII-V/7M/25P | 68 | 25 | – | – | – | – | 7 |
65TII-V/10M/25P | 65 | 25 | – | – | – | – | 10 |
80TII-V/5SF/15P | 80 | 15 | – | – | – | 5 | – |
75TII-V/5SF/20P | 75 | 20 | – | – | – | 5 | – |
70TII-V/5SF/25P | 70 | 25 | – | – | – | 5 | – |
65TII-V/10SF/25P | 65 | 25 | – | – | – | 10 | – |
70TII-V/15F/15P | 70 | 15 | – | 15 | – | – | – |
65TII-V/15F/20P | 65 | 20 | – | 15 | – | – | – |
60TII-V/15F/25P | 60 | 25 | – | 15 | – | – | – |
65TII-V/20F/15P | 65 | 15 | – | 20 | – | – | – |
60TII-V/20F/20P | 60 | 20 | – | 20 | – | – | – |
55TII-V/20F/25P | 55 | 25 | – | 20 | – | – | – |
60TII-V/25C/15P | 60 | 15 | 25 | – | – | – | – |
55TII-V/25C/20P | 55 | 20 | 25 | – | – | – | – |
65TII-V/20C/15P | 65 | 15 | 20 | – | – | – | – |
60TII-V/20C/20P | 60 | 20 | 20 | – | – | – | – |
55TII-V/20C/25P | 55 | 25 | 20 | – | – | – | – |
50TII-V/30G120/20P | 50 | 20 | – | – | 30 | – | – |
50TII-V/35G120/15P | 50 | 15 | – | – | 35 | – | – |
45TII-V/35G120/20P | 45 | 20 | – | – | 35 | – | – |
45TII-V/30G120/25P | 45 | 25 | – | – | 30 | – | – |
No. | µ (m2/s) ×10−12 | cv (-) | µ (m2/s) ×10−12 | cv (-) | µ (m2/s) ×10−12 | cv (-) | µ (m2/s) ×10−12 | cv (-) | µ (m2/s) ×10−12 | cv (-) | m (-) | fc,28 (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (Days) | 7 | 14 | 28 | 56 | 91 | |||||||
100TII-V | 8.61 | 0.043 | 8.12 | 0.047 | 6.14 | 0.043 | 5.33 | 0.049 | 4.05 | 0.040 | 0.264 | 27.98 |
85TII-V/15P | 9.71 | 0.064 | 7.68 | 0.071 | 4.90 | 0.025 | 2.49 | 0.049 | 1.60 | 0.093 | 0.521 | 39.57 |
80TII-V/20P | 1.27 | 0.035 | 8.97 | 0.229 | 5.44 | 0.036 | 2.57 | 0.042 | 1.58 | 0.042 | 0.628 | 34.97 |
75TII-V/25P | 1.15 | 0.031 | 7.88 | 0.032 | 3.85 | 0.028 | 2.15 | 0.021 | 1.33 | 0.031 | 0.807 | 35.44 |
78TII-V/7M/15P | 5.69 | 0.018 | 2.76 | 0.029 | 1.77 | 0.024 | 1.18 | 0.020 | 8.69 | 0.027 | 0.764 | 31.60 |
73TII-V/7M/20P | 3.75 | 0.041 | 2.45 | 0.041 | 1.77 | 0.039 | 1.16 | 0.040 | 7.95 | 0.033 | 0.522 | 37.43 |
68TII-V/7M/25P | 6.08 | 0.019 | 2.29 | 0.060 | 1.71 | 0.067 | 1.19 | 0.056 | 7.61 | 0.036 | 0.532 | 34.92 |
65TII-V/10M/25P | 3.96 | 0.020 | 2.40 | 0.026 | 1.62 | 0.016 | 1.02 | 0.025 | 7.32 | 0.041 | 0.766 | 39.35 |
80TII-V/5SF/15P | 9.59 | 0.058 | 7.04 | 0.053 | 2.76 | 0.021 | 1.30 | 0.022 | 9.50 | 0.017 | 0.936 | 28.26 |
75TII-V/5SF/20P | 1.12 | 0.065 | 7.89 | 0.049 | 2.89 | 0.045 | 1.31 | 0.035 | 9.06 | 0.037 | 0.721 | 37.81 |
70TII-V/5SF/25P | 8.18 | 0.028 | 3.34 | 0.010 | 1.69 | 0.013 | 7.86 | 0.032 | 4.40 | 0.013 | 0.825 | 35.16 |
65TII-V/10SF/25P | 5.53 | 0.096 | 2.46 | 0.126 | 1.20 | 0.141 | 5.57 | 0.150 | 3.82 | 0.151 | 0.932 | 32.31 |
70TII-V/15F/15P | 1.21 | 0.043 | 8.57 | 0.042 | 4.32 | 0.045 | 2.45 | 0.029 | 1.56 | 0.023 | 1.000 | 32.40 |
65TII-V/15F/20P | 1.06 | 0.154 | 6.77 | 0.210 | 3.72 | 0.284 | 1.71 | 0.037 | 1.04 | 0.029 | 0.826 | 48.65 |
60TII-V/15F/25P | 1.22 | 0.033 | 7.28 | 0.028 | 3.39 | 0.029 | 1.92 | 0.044 | 9.83 | 0.043 | 0.537 | 48.72 |
65TII-V/20F/15P | 5.46 | 0.055 | 2.91 | 0.052 | 1.49 | 0.088 | 7.80 | 0.088 | 5.26 | 0.079 | 0.883 | 49.11 |
60TII-V/20F/20P | 8.51 | 0.028 | 2.35 | 0.056 | 1.28 | 0.055 | 6.89 | 0.053 | 4.82 | 0.045 | 0.651 | 44.05 |
55TII-V/20F/25P | 3.84 | 0.066 | 2.08 | 0.047 | 1.01 | 0.042 | 4.86 | 0.020 | 3.32 | 0.025 | 0.675 | 42.50 |
60TII-V/25C/15P | 1.37 | 0.038 | 9.55 | 0.069 | 5.17 | 0.091 | 2.64 | 0.147 | 1.62 | 0.174 | 1.000 | 45.66 |
55TII-V/25C/20P | 9.85 | 0.057 | 6.31 | 0.058 | 3.20 | 0.014 | 1.78 | 0.025 | 9.87 | 0.016 | 0.636 | 45.24 |
65TII-V/20C/15P | 5.99 | 0.032 | 4.29 | 0.043 | 2.07 | 0.037 | 1.06 | 0.027 | 1.01 | 0.012 | 1.000 | 41.16 |
60TII-V/20C/20P | 9.21 | 0.020 | 7.63 | 0.048 | 2.52 | 0.023 | 1.23 | 0.022 | 8.06 | 0.041 | 0.937 | 31.12 |
55TII-V/20C/25P | 1.15 | 0.051 | 5.76 | 0.024 | 3.65 | 0.036 | 1.68 | 0.025 | 1.13 | 0.087 | 1.000 | 32.00 |
50TII-V/30G120/20P | 4.79 | 0.022 | 2.99 | 0.017 | 1.95 | 0.027 | 1.00 | 0.017 | 6.06 | 0.027 | 0.968 | 32.02 |
50TII-V/35G120/15P | 4.25 | 0.024 | 2.89 | 0.028 | 2.06 | 0.025 | 1.33 | 0.041 | 9.22 | 0.024 | 0.793 | 38.96 |
45TII-V/35G120/20P | 5.75 | 0.050 | 3.99 | 0.051 | 2.77 | 0.052 | 1.71 | 0.059 | 1.08 | 0.057 | 0.986 | 46.06 |
45TII-V/30G120/25P | 4.40 | 0.040 | 2.73 | 0.047 | 1.73 | 0.046 | 8.55 | 0.020 | 4.81 | 0.030 | 0.818 | 46.12 |
No. | Mean | Linear Regression | ∆RRMSE | Recommen. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cv.mean (-) | RRMSEmean | cv,LR (-) | R2LR | RRMSELR | |||
100TII-V | 0.0443 | 7% | −0.00003x + 0.04563 | 0.114 | 7% | 0% | Mean |
85TII-V/15P | 0.0603 | 37% | 0.00032x + 0.04776 | 0.193 | 34% | 4% | LR |
80TII-V/20P | 0.0356 | 20% | 0.00016x + 0.02917 | 0.523 | 14% | 6% | LR |
75TII-V/25P | 0.0286 | 13% | −0.00003x + 0.02979 | 0.063 | 13% | 0% | Mean |
78TII-V/7M/15P | 0.0238 | 12% | 0.00004x + 0.02233 | 0.073 | 11% | 0% | Mean |
73TII-V/7M/20P | 0.0388 | 11% | −0.00009x + 0.04245 | 0.841 | 4% | 7% | LR |
68TII-V/7M/25P | 0.0479 | 33% | −0.00001x + 0.04838 | 0.000 | 33% | 0% | Mean |
65TII-V/10M/25P | 0.0257 | 6% | 0.00022x + 0.01701 | 0.641 | 4% | 2% | LR |
80TII-V/5SF/15P | 0.0341 | 49% | −0.00045x + 0.05184 | 0.651 | 29% | 20% | Not reliable |
75TII-V/5SF/20P | 0.0460 | 10% | −0.00028x + 0.05691 | 0.644 | 6% | 4% | LR |
70TII-V/5SF/25P | 0.0193 | 26% | −0.00002x + 0.01991 | 0.003 | 26% | 0% | Mean |
65TII-V/10SF/25P | 0.1328 | 60% | 0.00052x + 0.11226 | 0.618 | 37% | 23% | Not reliable |
70TII-V/15F/15P | 0.0363 | 19% | −0.00026x + 0.04650 | 0.869 | 7% | 12% | Not reliable |
65TII-V/15F/20P | 0.1427 | 206% | −0.00238x + 0.23597 | 0.552 | 138% | 68% | Not reliable |
60TII-V/15F/25P | 0.0353 | 31% | 0.00018x + 0.02837 | 0.667 | 18% | 13% | Not reliable |
65TII-V/20F/15P | 0.0724 | 66% | 0.00032x + 0.05980 | 0.396 | 51% | 15% | Not reliable |
60TII-V/20F/20P | 0.0474 | 27% | 0.00006x + 0.04500 | 0.031 | 27% | 0% | Mean |
55TII-V/20F/25P | 0.0402 | 45% | −0.00046x + 0.05818 | 0.729 | 24% | 22% | Not reliable |
60TII-V/25C/15P | 0.1037 | 260% | 0.00158x + 0.04180 | 0.947 | 60% | 200% | Not reliable |
55TII-V/25C/20P | 0.0339 | 76% | −0.00046x + 0.05183 | 0.525 | 52% | 24% | Not reliable |
65TII-V/20C/15P | 0.0303 | 8% | −0.00031x + 0.04257 | 0.799 | 4% | 5% | LR |
60TII-V/20C/20P | 0.0309 | 16% | 0.00007x + 0.02795 | 0.041 | 15% | 0% | Mean |
55TII-V/20C/25P | 0.0447 | 49% | 0.00047x + 0.02621 | 0.398 | 38% | 11% | Not reliable |
50TII-V/30G120/20P | 0.0220 | 15% | 0.00005x + 0.01985 | 0.138 | 14% | 1% | LR |
50TII-V/35G120/15P | 0.0285 | 17% | 0.00004x + 0.02694 | 0.034 | 16% | 0% | Mean |
45TII-V/35G120/20P | 0.0539 | 12% | 0.00010x + 0.05010 | 0.736 | 6% | 6% | LR |
45TII-V/30G120/25P | 0.0365 | 23% | −0.00023x + 0.04565 | 0.493 | 16% | 7% | LR |
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Lehner, P.; Konečný, P.; Ghosh, P. Variation of Durability and Strength Parameters of Pumice Based Mixtures. Materials 2021, 14, 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133674
Lehner P, Konečný P, Ghosh P. Variation of Durability and Strength Parameters of Pumice Based Mixtures. Materials. 2021; 14(13):3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133674
Chicago/Turabian StyleLehner, Petr, Petr Konečný, and Pratanu Ghosh. 2021. "Variation of Durability and Strength Parameters of Pumice Based Mixtures" Materials 14, no. 13: 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133674