From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils—A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cellulose Raw Materials and CNFs
3. Pretreatment of Cellulose
3.1. Cellulase Cutting Pretreatment
3.2. Chemical Pretreatment of Cellulose
3.2.1. TEMPO Oxidation
3.2.2. Carboxymethylation
3.2.3. Phosphorylation
3.2.4. Cationization
3.2.5. Periodate Oxidation
3.2.6. Supercritical Fluid Technology
4. CNFs Preparation
4.1. High Pressure Homogenization
4.2. Micro-Jet
4.3. Milling
4.4. Ultrasonic Treatment
4.5. Low Temperature Pressing
4.6. Steam Explosion
4.7. Electrospinning
4.8. Solvent Method
4.9. Ionic Liquid Method
5. Surface Modification of Nanofibrils
5.1. Surface Adsorption Modification
5.2. Graft Modification
5.2.1. Esterification
5.2.2. Acylation
5.2.3. Silanization
5.2.4. Polymer Grafting
6. CNFs Applications
7. Results and Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | Fiber Content (%) | Fiber Length (mm) | Fiber Diameter (µm) | Lignin Content (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood-Conifer | 40–53 | 2–5 | 30–70 | 25–35 | Wang et al. [28], Winandy et al. [29], Pei et al. [31], Eero et al. [32], Mishra et al. [33] |
Wood-Hardwood | 41–44 | ≈1 | 14–20 | 20–25 | |
Bast Fiber | 65–80 | – | 10–25 | 4–20 | |
Herb | 35–55 | 1–2 | 10–30 | 15–25 | |
Cotton Fiber | 95–97 | 25–65 | 12–38 | – | |
Lint | 90–91 | 10–20 | <3 | ||
Brewing Waste | 16–25 | – | – | 11–27 |
TEMPO Oxidation System | pH | Temperature Reflex (°C) | Oxidation Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr | 10 | Room Temperature | 75–98 | Saito et al. [57] |
TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 | 7 | 60 | ≈100 | Saito et al. [65] |
4–acetamide–TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 | 3–7 | 40–60 | 40–70 | Hirota et al. [69] |
4–acetamide–TEMPO Dielectric Oxidation (0.5 V) | 6–8 | 91–98 | 91–98 | Isogai et al. [53] |
Laccase / TEMPO or Amino TEMPO | 7 | 30 | – | Jiang et al. [70], Bu et al. [71] |
TEMPO/NaClO/Na2 SO4 /NaBr | 10 | Room Temperature | >95 | Inamochi et al. [54] |
Pretreatment Method | Effect on Fiber | Fiber Quality | Industrialization Prospects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enzymatic Hydrolysis | DP Drops, CI Drops | High Degree of Fibrillation, no Functionalization | Excellent | Pääkkö et al. [46], Henriksson et al. [47], Nechyporchuk et al. [48] |
TEMPO Oxidation | DP Drops, CI Drops | Functionalize Cellulose and Make the Surface of Cellulose Carry Charges | General | Isogai et al. [23], Tarres et al. [58], Shinoda et al. [61] |
Carboxymethylation | DP Dropped Slightly, CI Basically Had no Effect | Functionalize Cellulose, which is Stronger than Enzymatically Degraded Fiber and Contains More Fiber Fragments | General | Wagberg et al. [102], Siró et al. [73], Naderi et al. [76] |
Phosphorylation | DP Drops, CI Basically Has no Effect | Reinforce CNFs Fiber Strength, Impart Flame Retardancy to Fiber and Introduce Negative Charge | Excellent | Maryam et al. [79], Naderi et al. [77], Noguchi et al. [80] |
Cationization | DP Drops, CI Basically Has no Effect | Improve Fiber Dispersion, can make CNFs Products have Good Antibacterial Properties or in Certain Cytotoxicity and introduce Positive Charge | Bad | Odabas et al. [85], Chaker et al. [87] Littunen et al. [82] |
Periodate Oxidation | DP Drops, CI Drops | Excellent Dispersibility, Fiber Structure and Functionalization | Bad | Sven et al. [95], Larsson et al. [96], Sirviö et al. [94] |
Supercritical Fluid Technology | DP Basically Has no Effect, CI Improve | Promote the Fibrillating of Fiber, Improve the Thermal Performance and Introduce Functional Groups Directly to the Surface of Cellulose | General | Stoja et al. [100], Roozbeh et al. [103], Takashi et al. [104] |
Application Field | Reference |
---|---|
Composite Material | Siro et al. [182], Mousa et al. [183], Mathew et al. [184] |
Sensor | Dong et al. [185], Ling et al. [186], Sun et al. [187] |
Food Packaging | Abdul et al. [188], Nathalie et al. [9], Li et al. [189], Azeredo et al. [190] |
Food Packaging | Amjad et al. [191], Shahin et al. [192], Yang et al. [193] |
Capacitor | Zhang et al. [194], Jose et al. [195], Guoet al. [196], Hou et al. [197] |
Conductive Material | Xu et al. [198], Agate et al. [199] |
Fireproof Materials | Costes et al. [200], Ghanadpour et al. [79], Guo et al. [201], Gebauer et al. [202] |
Chemical Substance Detection | Ruiz-Palomero et al. [203] |
Medical | Dumanli et al. [204], Singla et al. [205], Luzi et al. [206], Sampath et al. [207], Bhandari et al. [208] |
Magnetic Material | Amiralian et al. [209], Adriano et al. [210], Olsson et al. [211] |
Engineering Building | Singh et al. [212] |
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Yi, T.; Zhao, H.; Mo, Q.; Pan, D.; Liu, Y.; Huang, L.; Xu, H.; Hu, B.; Song, H. From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils—A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils. Materials 2020, 13, 5062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225062
Yi T, Zhao H, Mo Q, Pan D, Liu Y, Huang L, Xu H, Hu B, Song H. From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils—A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils. Materials. 2020; 13(22):5062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225062
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Tan, Hanyu Zhao, Qi Mo, Donglei Pan, Yang Liu, Lijie Huang, Hao Xu, Bao Hu, and Hainong Song. 2020. "From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils—A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils" Materials 13, no. 22: 5062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225062